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专家解读:当前南海形势及中国面临的挑战

2016-07-14 14:58:48   光明网

当前南海形势与推动南海问题升温的主要因素

自2009年以来,南海问题持续升温,其主要原因包括:

第一,美国等域外大国通过政治外交、军事、舆论等手段,逐步加大对南海问题的介入力度,加剧了南海海上形势发展的复杂程度。特别是随着美国“亚太再平衡”战略的推进,南海问题成为其牵制中国,维持其在亚太地区主导权的一个重要抓手。随着美国加大在南海地区的军力部署和军事活动,开展针对中国的南海“常态化”巡航,刺激了地缘政治竞争意识在本地区的回潮。

第二,中国的崛起和发展,使其他争端国对能否保住其非法控制的南海岛礁产生焦虑。部分国家担忧随着中国的日渐强大,将有可能采取某种方式来收复被非法侵占的南沙岛礁。因此,部分争端国通过国内立法、诉诸第三方机制、与域外国家深化结盟或结伴、向域外大国提供军事基地等方式来“合法化”和“漂白”其非法主张和侵占所得,以巩固其对南沙已控制岛礁的非法占有。

第三,菲律宾、越南等有关争端国为巩固和扩大南海权益主张,不断推动南海问题国际化和扩大化,加大岛礁扩建等单边行动力度。

当前的南海形势呈现出几个新的特点:

第一,南海问题逐渐由领土争议和海域主张争议演变为地缘政治、资源开发和航道管控的博弈。

第二,南海问题“被扩大化”,已由原来直接当事国之间的“岛争”,扩大到域内外力量之间的“海争”或“水争”。

第三,由于南海地区安全机制的缺失,以及亚太地区安全结构的演变和调整,南海周边国家对中国的“战略猜疑”上升,并采取寻求域外国家的安全保护和加强自身军力建设的应对策略。因此,“大国借机谋势、小国伺机谋利、大小国联合应对中国”,以“结盟”和“拉帮结派”、谋求相对军事优势为特征的南海地缘政治博弈的特点日趋明显。

中国在南海的历史性权利

中国在南海拥有历史性权利是不争的事实,这是在中国千百年来在开发、经营和管辖南海诸岛及相关海域的过程当中逐步形成的,并有大量的历史证据作支撑,比如海南渔民使用的《更路簿》。(详见本报6月30日光明讲坛版)

《更路簿》是中国古代使用的一种航行指南,记载了通往某个地区的航程和航向。其中古代在海上燃香一支所花费的时间为一更,一更一般能行驶10海里左右;“路”指的是航海罗盘指向的针路,即航向。海南渔民使用的多个版本《更路簿》大约起源于明代早期,一直流传至今,记载了前往西沙、南沙各岛礁捕鱼的航向航程、物资特产等。《更路簿》还生动形象地记载了100多处对西沙、南沙岛礁的命名,如“丑未”(渚碧礁),是以罗盘方位命名;“赤瓜线”(赤瓜礁),是以特产命名;“秤钩”(景宏岛),是以岛礁形状命名;“双门”(美济礁),是以水道数量命名。《更路簿》还记载了200多条航线,是中国人民持续开发利用南沙岛礁及相关海域的真实记录。《更路簿》无疑是中国拥有南海诸岛主权和历史性权利的确凿证据。

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