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专家解读:当前南海形势及中国面临的挑战

2016-07-14 14:58:48   光明网

南海问题的起源与实质

南海问题实质是中国与越南、菲律宾、马来西亚、文莱等国围绕南沙岛礁主权及海洋管辖权的地区性的海洋争端。

历史上,中国最早发现、命名、开发南海诸岛,长期、和平、有效地对南海诸岛及相关海域实施行政管辖,建立了对南海诸岛的主权和相关海洋权益。二战期间,日本一度非法侵占我国南海诸岛,并将南海诸岛更名为“新南群岛”,划归台湾总督府高雄州高雄市管辖。1945年二战结束之后,根据1943年《开罗宣言》和1945年《波茨坦公告》的有关规定,中国政府于1946年恢复对南海诸岛行使主权。

直至20世纪70年代初,南海周边国家并没有对中国拥有南沙群岛的主权提出异议,南海局势是平静的,没有所谓的“南海问题”。此后,一些南海周边国家开始对中国南沙群岛的岛礁提出领土要求,甚至非法侵占部分岛礁,由此导致南沙群岛领土争议。这些国家还依据《公约》,提出了专属经济区和大陆架主张,这些海域主张覆盖的范围相互重叠,从而形成了南海部分海域的划界问题。

南海问题产生的主要原因大致是:

第一,20世纪60年代末,在南海地区发现了丰富的石油和天然气资源。1968年,联合国亚洲暨远东经济委员会亚洲外岛海域矿产资源联合探勘协调委员会发布的勘察报告指出,越南沿岸邻近海域、南沙群岛东部和南部海域蕴藏着丰富的石油和天然气资源。1969年,美国海洋调查船“亨特号”在南海进行地质调查,并宣称探明南海大陆架上蕴藏着丰富的油气资源。1973年,世界范围内的第一次石油危机加深了人们将石油看作一种战略资源的认识。南海的资源前景极大地刺激了越南、菲律宾等国。越、菲等南海周边国家开始加大蚕食中国在南沙群岛及相关海域权益的实际动作,并陆续提出领土和海洋权益主张。

第二,《公约》的诞生及其创设的新制度,导致海域划界争议加剧。其中专属经济区制度与南海问题的产生有直接关联。按照《公约》第121条的有关规定,岛屿如果可以维持人类居住,或可以维持自身经济生活,就可以主张200海里专属经济区,赋予了基于岛屿主张海域的权利,岛屿在主张海域和未来海域划界中的地位和作用显著提升。

此外,南海的地缘政治地位、殖民主义和大国争霸等因素也与南海问题的产生密不可分。加之二战后,中国政府虽然于1946年接收了南海诸岛,但是除中国台湾驻守的太平岛外,其他岛礁长期没有派兵驻守,有效控制不足,从而给一些国家对中国南沙岛礁的觊觎之心和非法侵占的行为留下了空间。

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