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起底仲裁法庭:既不常设,亦非法庭,更无关公正

2016-07-14 07:39:00   国家人文历史

原标题:Q&A|海牙常设仲裁法庭:既不常设,亦非法庭,更无关公正

仲裁作为一种解决国际争端的手段,在近代历史上第一次出现在了1794年。刚刚独立的美国和英国签署的《英国国王陛下与美利坚合众国友好、通商与航海条约》(Treaty of Amity, Commerce, and Navigation, Between His Britannic Majesty and the United States of America,又称《杰条约》Jay Treaty)建立了一种由混合的委员会处理各方法律争端的方式。这一争端解决方式随后于1872年被成功运用于英美两国间的阿拉巴马号仲裁案中。


常设仲裁法庭的建立

仲裁的成功运用,引起了国际社会的重视。在俄罗斯沙皇尼古拉斯二世的提议下,1899年在荷兰海牙召开了第一次海牙和平会议,正是在这次会议上,通过了《海牙和平解决国际争端公约》(Hague Convention for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes,下文简称《公约》)。1900年根据此《公约》设立的国际常设仲裁法庭(Permanent Court of Arbitration)正式成立。清政府是于1904年加入了该《公约》,使得中国成为了缔约国。1907年第二次海牙和平会议又通过了该《公约》的修正案,进一步明确了常设仲裁法庭的职能和相关组成。


第一次海牙和平会议

正如在民法中仲裁需要得到仲裁各方同意与认可,1899年《公约》的第15条则将国际仲裁定义为“在尊重法律的基础上,由各国家自行选择的法官管控分歧。”同时根据《公约》第16条,“在对法律本质有疑问时,尤其是对解释和适用国际条约有疑问时,仲裁是在签约国各方穷尽外交手段后,经过各方认可的最为公正、最为有效的手段。”国家在没有得到其认可的情况下,并无将争端提交仲裁的义务。以上都充分体现了仲裁需要充分尊重国家意愿,得到各国认可的特质,同时也限定了仲裁为外交手段完全失败之后的救济措施,而非解决国际争端的的一般措施。

实质上常设仲裁法庭既非常设,亦非法庭。这一组织只有一个国际局(International Bureau),起到各类仲裁案件的秘书处的作用,而仲裁委员会则是各个仲裁国在其所圈定的国际法专家名单中自主选择的,实质上参与案件仲裁的仲裁委员会是临时的,是就每个仲裁案的不同而临时设定的,并非常设的。如果仲裁国有要求,还可以成立特别仲裁委员会,而常设仲裁法庭则应当向这一特别委员会提供场所和人员上的便利。

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