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《公约》虽然没有对历史性权利作十分明确的界定,但也没有否定历史性权利的存在。而且,《公约》的宗旨包含了对历史性权利的尊重。同时,历史性权利为国际法和国际仲裁实践所认可,比如2003年的厄立特里亚诉也门案,2015年的毛里求斯诉英国案,都明确承认了历史性权利的存在。《公约》序言中明确规定:本《公约》没有涉及的其他问题仍然属于一般国际法调整的范畴。因此,历史性权利属一般国际法调整的范畴,中国不会因为《公约》无此明确定义而放弃其在南海的历史性权利主张。
“南海行为准则”磋商取得重要进展但障碍尚存
在2013年9月的中国-东盟第六次高官会上,中国和东盟十国达成了启动“南海行为准则”(COC,以下简称“准则”)磋商的共识。从启动磋商到现在取得了一系列成果和“早期收获”项目,已经达成了两个共识文件,建立了两个热线平台,即“中国和东盟国家海上搜救热线平台”和“海上紧急事态外交高官热线平台”。
“准则”是一个危机管控机制,中国比任何一个国家都希望通过这样的机制使南海缺乏危机管控机制的问题得到解决。但期望相关方就“准则”在较短时间内达成共识也是不现实的。首先,《宣言》只是中国和东盟之间的一个政治文件而非法律文件,并且经过了六年的艰苦谈判;而“准则”更加复杂,涉及的层面更加广泛,且目前东盟内部在“准则”的性质、覆盖范围等问题上还存在分歧。其次,由于域外国家介入南海事务,向某些争端国释放了错误信号,使少数国家不断给“准则”磋商制造障碍,这是“准则”磋商进程中面临的主要挑战之一。再次,菲律宾违背《宣言》达成的共识,单方面提交强制仲裁程序偏离了正常的谈判解决轨道,也给“准则”磋商所需的良好氛围制造了负面影响。此外,仲裁裁决的公布也使得未来的“准则”磋商更加困难重重。
美国的南海政策走向
南海局势发展到今天这个地步,美国要负很大责任。2016年美国总统选战已经揭幕,无论谁当选,美国都将更加重视亚太地区,其在亚太地区加强军事同盟体系建设和军事部署的趋势恐怕不会逆转。我们不应忘记,正是在希拉里·克林顿任奥巴马政府的国务卿期间,美国开始以公开、高调的方式加大对南海事务的介入。2010年7月23日,她在越南河内的东盟外长系列会议上挑起所谓南海“航行自由与安全”问题,声称美国在南海拥有重大利益,希望由美国主导一个多边机制解决南海问题。2011年访问菲律宾时,希拉里在一次讲话中甚至使用菲律宾单方面用的“西菲律宾海”一词指代南海。可以预见,希拉里若当选美国下届总统,在南海问题和“亚太再平衡”战略的推进上可能会有一些新动作。
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