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起底南海仲裁案"临时仲裁庭":破坏国际法律秩序

2016-07-14 14:23:27   中国新闻网

杨泽伟博士武汉大学法学院与中国边界海洋研究院教授

2016年7月12日,应菲律宾共和国单方面请求建立的南海仲裁案“临时仲裁庭”(以下简称“仲裁庭”)作出了所谓的裁决。然而,从“仲裁庭”的组成及其运行来看,该裁决不但是非法的和无效的,而且“仲裁庭”强行扩权破坏了国际法律秩序。

1.“仲裁庭”的组成没有体现亚洲法律文化。

“仲裁庭”是由如下五名仲裁员组成:加纳的托马斯·门萨、德国的吕迪格·沃尔夫鲁姆、法国的让—皮埃尔·科特、荷兰的阿尔弗莱德·松斯、波兰的斯坦尼洛夫·帕夫拉克。可见,“仲裁庭”有四人为欧洲人、一人为非洲人,而没有一人为亚洲人。

按照《国际法院规约》第9条的规定:“应注意务使法官全体确能代表世界各大文化及各主要法系”。同样,“仲裁庭”的组成也应当遵守类似的规定,确保仲裁员能代表世界各大文化和各主要法系。因此,“仲裁庭”在裁决两个亚洲国家间的案件时,亚洲籍仲裁员的缺位无疑会影响该裁决结果的公正性。

2.“仲裁庭”无视菲律宾提起仲裁事项的实质是领土主权和海洋划界问题。

虽然中菲南海争端比较复杂,属于多层次、且具因果关系的法律争端,但是究其实质为:两国有关黄岩岛和“卡拉延群岛”的领土主权争端,以及两国因海洋权利主张重叠而形成的海域划界争端。然而,中菲间的领土主权争端和海域划界争端,既没有被菲律宾提交仲裁,也不涉及《联合国海洋法公约》的解释或适用,因此超出了《联合国海洋法公约》的调整范围和“仲裁庭”的管辖权范围。

3.“仲裁庭”罔顾中国在南海所享有的领土主权和海洋权益。

中国在南海的活动已有2000多年的历史。中国最早发现、命名和开发经营南海诸岛,最早并持续对南海诸岛实施主权管辖。因此,中国对南海诸岛及其附近海域拥有无可争辩的主权。1947年中国政府对南海诸岛进行了重新命名,并于1948年在公开发行的官方地图上标绘南海断续线。1958年《中华人民共和国政府关于领海的声明》和1992年《中华人民共和国领海及毗连区法》均明确规定,中华人民共和国的领土包括东沙群岛、西沙群岛、中沙群岛和南沙群岛。

上述行动一再重申了中国在南海的领土主权和相关的海洋权益。既然“仲裁庭”无权解决中菲间的领土主权争端和海域划界争端,那么“仲裁庭”的裁决当然也不能否定或影响中国在南海的领土主权和海洋权益。

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