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专家解读:当前南海形势及中国面临的挑战

2016-07-14 14:58:48   光明网

在此,有必要回顾一下这一非法仲裁程序的来龙去脉。

2013年1月22日,在未与中方协商更未征得中方同意的情况下,菲律宾依据《公约》附件七和第287条,单方面向国际海洋法法庭提起强制仲裁程序。中方于2月19日退回菲方《仲裁通知》,同时表明“不接受、不参与”菲律宾单方面所提仲裁的严正立场。2014年12月7日,中国政府发布《关于菲律宾所提南海仲裁案管辖权问题的立场文件》,系统阐释了中国“坚决反对,不接受、不参与”仲裁的立场及相关国际法依据。

首先,菲方的诉讼请求虽然被巧妙包装成《公约》的解释和适用范围,但其本质仍是领土和海域划界争议。领土争议不属于《公约》调整的范畴,而海洋划界已由中国政府在2006年声明中排除。其次,中菲之间已就谈判协商解决有关争议达成共识。中菲自1995年到2011年达成的数个共识文件,都确定了中菲之间的领土争议和海洋划界争议应通过友好协商和谈判解决。此外,中国与东盟十国共同签署的《南海各方行为宣言》(DOC,以下简称《宣言》)中,第四条也明确规定:有关领土争议和海洋管辖权争议由当事方直接通过谈判和协商解决。基于约定必须遵守的国际法原则,菲方的诉求不仅违背了其作出的承诺,而且也是违反国际法的。

南海仲裁案已不是纯粹的法律问题,菲方背后有某些西方大国的操纵。在仲裁结果公布之前,就已有一些大国开始利用各种渠道向国际社会释放信息,要求中国执行裁决。似乎这些国家已预知仲裁结果,至少已经知道裁决将不利于中国,唯恐中国不执行裁决。因此,裁决结果显然已被有关国家预先设计过。

显然,菲律宾提起仲裁以来,中菲之间的南海争议不仅没有解决,反而不断加剧,裁决的公布必然会进一步加剧中菲之间的有关争议。

菲律宾新总统杜特尔特在选举期间和当选之后都有积极改善中菲关系的表示,有意将中菲南海争议重新拉回到通过双边途径、谈判协商解决的正确轨道上来。但这取决于他能够下多大的决心,有无这样的能力和意志来抵御一些域外国家对其施加的影响。

仲裁的闹剧虽然已落下帷幕,但因裁决给南海和平稳定投下的“阴影”短时间内恐难以消除。然而无论如何,中国政府决不会放弃千百年来中国通过先占、开发经营和管辖南海诸岛及相关水域获得的领土主权和海洋权益。而且,中国不接受不公正的裁决结果,在国际法实践中是有先例可循的。根据美国一位学者的统计,从1946年国际法院成立到2004年的60年间,国际法院所做判决的“不被执行率”高达44%,而带有强制管辖性质案件的执行率只有33%,其中有两起案件涉及美国。因此,从这个意义上讲,中国不执行对中国本来就没有约束力的非法裁决既非开创了什么“恶劣先例”,更谈不上无视国际法和挑战国际秩序。

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