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美国301调查挑起对华贸易战 专家称可准备反制措施

2017-08-21 01:45:55   经济参考报

山雨欲来风满楼。当地时间8月18日,美国正式启动对华301调查。当日美国贸易代表处发布立案公告,决定对中国政府采取的与技术转让、知识产权和创新相关的法律、政策及实践操作进行调查,以判断其是否属于“可采取行动的措施”。业内指出,这是美国首次专门针对中国知识产权保护发起301调查,也是美国总统特朗普上台后首次对华正式采取强硬贸易措施,此举或对我国通信设备、集成电路等科技行业带来负面影响。

专家认为,美国执意采取单边行动,启动有违多边原则也尘封已久的301贸易武器对准中国,缘于其经济政治各方考量以增加谈判筹码,无异于主动点燃贸易战导火索。“301”并非“法外神器”,我国可以诉诸WTO争端解决机制,并应准备好反制措施。

金诚同达律师事务所高级合伙人杨晨对《经济参考报》记者介绍美方调查程序指出,根据美方立案公告,9月28日为提交书面意见以及申请出席听证会的截止日期,10月10日,301条款委员会将在美国华盛顿特区举行听证会。“根据301调查相关法律规定,美国贸易代表处需要在启动调查后的12个月做出决定。”

杨晨表示,根据301条款,如果美贸易代表认为其调查的不公平措施落入采取“强制行动”的范围内,则其必须对被调查措施等采取行动,如果落入“自由裁量行动”的范围内,则贸易代表可以依据其自由裁量采取适当和合理的行动。

“以往调查实践显示,贸易代表可以对来自被调查国家的商品或者服务在一定合理时间内施加关税或者采取其他进口限制、签订具有约束力的协定要求被调查国家承诺消除或者逐渐废止相关的法规政策等等。”

“301调查更多是针对中国知识产权的宏观政策和法律,因此在调查阶段对中国企业并没有太显著的影响,美国政府可能采取的行动目前并不明朗,因此尚难以评估未来对中国企业的影响。”杨晨说。

联合国贸发会议经济事务官员梁国勇对《经济参考报》记者表示,中国政府通过引进技术和自主创新推动高科技产业发展的战略以及一系列相关政策可能成为调查对象。中国的高科技行业和企业也难免受到调查影响,特别是通信设备、集成电路等重要行业,以及那些处于创新前沿的民族企业。

“目前来看,可能走向有两种:一是两国通过谈判达成妥协;二是美方根据调查结果决定采取制裁措施。”梁国勇指出,由于美国政府在世贸组织成立后曾承诺按照符合WTO规则的方式执行301条款。因此,美方的制裁措施很可能在WTO框架下实施,那么最终结果将取决于中美双方在WTO贸易争端解决机制下的“较量”。

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