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美国宣布正式对中国发起“301调查”

2017-08-19 07:46:28   

新华社快讯:美国贸易代表莱特希泽18日宣布,美国正式对中国发起“301调查”,此举已引发各界对美国采取单边行动损害中美经贸关系的担忧。

此前报道:美国动用贸易法301条款对华调查 中方权威回应

中新网8月16日电 当地时间14日,美国总统特朗普签署行政备忘录,授权美国贸易代表莱特希泽审查所谓的“中国不公平贸易行为” ,尤其针对中国在技术转让等知识产权领域的做法。这一授权意味着莱特希泽可能援引“301条款”对中国发起调查,并可在调查结束后建议美国总统实施单边制裁。

[何为301条款]

这一条款规定,当美国贸易代表办公室(USTR)确认某贸易伙伴的某项政策违反贸易协定,或被美国单方认定为不公平、不公正或不合理时,即可启动单边性、强制性的报复措施。报复手段包括中止贸易协定、关税等进口限制、取消免税待遇和强迫签订协议等。

此次调查依据的“301条款”是美国《1974年贸易法》第301条的简称。由301条款延伸而来的301调查诞生于冷战时期,被视为贸易外交的工具。

自20世纪90年代中期世界贸易组织(WTO)成立以来,这一条款在美国已被渐渐弃用,美国发动单边制裁案例的数量和频率也显著减少。自2001年至今,美国政府仅在2013年针对乌克兰的知识产权保护问题使用过一次“301条款”调查。如今,美国欲再次对中国挥舞“301大棒”。

[美曾多次对华启动301调查]

近30年来,美国曾多次对中国进行调查。20世纪90年代,美国多次对中国发起知识产权方面的特殊301调查和谈判。中美于1992年、1995年、1996年签订知识产权方面的谅解备忘录,中国承诺加强知识产权保护,并先后修订了《专利法》、《商标法》,颁布《反不正当竞争法》等。

在针对中国的特殊301调查和谈判期间,美国也发起过几次短暂的贸易战。1994年和1995年,美国贸易代表办公室两次对中国采取措施,对中国向美国出口的纺织品、服装及电子产品征收100%的惩罚性关税。

2004年,美国劳联-产联曾提起针对中国劳工权利和劳工标准的301调查申请,不过最终被美国政府否决。在奥巴马执政期间的2010年,美国政府接受美国钢铁工人联合会的请求,对中国清洁能源有关政策和措施启动301调查。

[象征意义大于实际意义?]

其实,特朗普签署的这份行政备忘录,并不意味着美国将立刻启动相关具体调查,也不意味着一定会出台针对中国的制裁措施。即便调查确实进行,也可能需要一年时间,才会决定是否会实施贸易制裁。

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