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再挥“301”大棒,山姆大叔图个啥

2017-08-16 10:44:44   国际在线

8月14日,美国总统特朗普签署备忘录,指令美贸易代表根据《1974年贸易法》研究决定是否对中国与知识产权相关的贸易政策和行为发起“301调查”。此举引发外界对美国采取单边行动损害中美经贸关系的担忧。

 所谓的“301调查”源自美国《1974年贸易法》第301条。该条款授权美国贸易代表可对他国的“不合理或不公正贸易做法”发起调查,并可在调查结束后建议美国总统实施单边制裁,包括撤销贸易优惠、征收报复性关税等。对华启动“301调查”,挑起贸易战,山姆大叔究竟图什么?其所想所愿真的能实现吗?

希望通过贸易战压缩对华贸易逆差?这显然行不通。宏观经济学常识告诉人们,逆差的本质是本国国民储蓄不足、通过进口别国的国民储蓄来弥补。而中国改变不了美国的国民储蓄率,只有美国深刻改革本国社会福利、工会等制度,提高劳动参与率,抑制军事和对外事务开支增长,才能提升美国国民储蓄率,进而降低美国国际收支赤字。

当然,上述改革非一日之功,而美国想在短期内压缩对华贸易逆差?与其限制进口“中国制造”,不如放松对华出口管制。10年前,笔者就测量过美国《出口管理条例》和《出口管制商品清单》中文版的重量,前者562页,950克;后者388页,650克。10年过去了,美国的出口管理规章篇幅有增无减;复杂的出口管制制度,给美国出口商及其国外客户带来多少额外不确定性,由此可见一斑。更何况一块受管制的核心部件本身价值可能不高,结果却导致价值上千、上万倍的整机交易受阻。例如,一块被视为军民两用、用于波音飞机上的芯片,价值不过1000美元,但这项申请实际影响的交易却可能上亿美元。

美国想通过贸易战重创中国崛起的势头?这早已被历史证明纯属幻想。1989年起,美国就开始对中国使用“301条款”。结果是,美国现价GDP从中国的11.39倍(1989年)缩小到1.63倍(2016年),中国超越美国成为世界第一制造业大国、第一出口大国、第一外汇储备大国、唯一拥有联合国产业分类所有工业门类的国家。时至今日,中国对美出口大宗货物在美市场占有率,往往是美国对华出口大宗货物在华市场占有率的两三倍,倘若引爆相互报复的贸易战,对美国市场的冲击程度将远远大于对中国市场的扰乱。

想通过更严厉的知识产权规则削弱中国竞争力?更难!须知,中国研究与试验发展人员全时当量已经从1991年67.1万人上升到2016年的385万人;中国每年新毕业理工科学生人数世界第一;中国研究与试验发展经费支出已经从1995年的348.7亿元、占同年GDP的0.57%,提升到2016年的1.55万亿元、占同年GDP的2.08%;华为、中兴已经连续多年位居全世界国际专利最多企业前三名……

不难看出,通过动用“301条款”,很难达成上述动机的其中任何一个。那么,山姆大叔究竟图什么?在经济之外,特朗普需要向美国选民、向支持者显示自己在努力为美国经济开拓海外市场、为美国人民争取就业机会。在高度表演化的西方政治中,还有什么比向中国大喊大叫更能向美国选民显示这一点呢?至于是否真的有利于增加就业,又有谁真正关心呢?

我们对“301调查”大棒嗤之以鼻之余,还要对特朗普、对美国人民表示“同情”。毕竟美国对华挥舞的“301调查”大棒,伤不了中国的筋骨,而美国的“否决政治”泥潭却正实实在在困住或许想干实事的特朗普,以及想看到政府干实事的美国人民。

(作者:梅新育为商务部研究院研究员 原标题:再挥“301”大棒,山姆大叔图个啥)

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