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特朗普
当地时间8月14日,美国总统特朗普签署总统备忘录,授权美国贸易代表办公室(USTR)决定是否对中国违反知识产权,损害美国企业利益进行调查。
依照美国《1974年贸易法》,如果贸易代表莱特希泽认为有必要调查,美国将很有可能启动贸易301调查。而一旦启动,这将是美国在1994年世界贸易组织成立后,首次对中国这样一个大型经济体进行该项调查。从这层意义上说,特朗普对中国的此次贸易行动的确传递出不友善的信号,但认为其可能会引发中美贸易战可能为时尚早。
根据301调查的相关程序,目前仅处于是否启动301调查的初始阶段。下一个阶段是做出启动301调查决定,启动调查。第三个阶段是调查完成,得出调查结果。第四个阶段是制定并实施贸易救济措施。每个阶段都有不可预知的困难。即使进展顺利、少有反复,整个阶段可能也需要至少一年的时间。期间,中美双方将会进行沟通。尚无法确定,美方的调查结论是否肯定对中国非常不利,更无法确定美方是否会就知识产权问题对中国采取贸易反制措施。
对此次总统备忘录针对的知识产权问题,中方是非常有底气的。改革开放以来,中国在知识产权产权保护方面取得的进展是有目共睹的。美国知识产权法律协会钱主席索邦称,中国正迅速成长为知识产权保护和执法的全球领袖。美国外交学者网站今年7月发表题为《从山寨中涅槃》的文章,中国在过去30年不断加强知识产权保护,正成为全球创业领军者,已摆脱“山寨之国”的形象。如果没有看到中国在知识产权保护方面取得进展,囿于肤浅陈旧印象,执拗通过单边的、基于国内法的长臂管辖做法,势必让相关调查缺乏客观公正性,让问题更加复杂。
对美国对华采取贸易行动,中方已有心理准备。基于特朗普竞选中的表现,中国很早就认识到中美之间爆发正面贸易摩擦只是时间问题。双方领导人在美国海湖庄园的会晤为未来中美关系发展指明了方向,两国政府工作层面通过“百日计划”获得了一定的早期收获,巩固了中美关系,但中美两国在一些问题上的的分歧短期内无法消除,美方肯定会因过高要求不能满足而有所行动。中方也注意到了今年4月底美国贸易代表办公室发表的《2017年度301特别条款》报告中的变化。其中,中国被列入了“重点观察国”名单的第一位,而2016年按字母顺序排列,中国是第四位。
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