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301大棒?谁在乎?

2017-08-15 13:02:47   

8月14日(美国时间),美国总统特朗普签署总统备忘录,指令美贸易代表决定是否就中国有关法律、政策、实践或做法可能不合理或歧视性地损害美国知识产权、创新或技术发展展开调查。同日,美贸易代表发表声明,表示将进行全面调查,并根据需要采取措施以保护美国产业的未来。美国政府考虑对华动用“301条款”(301 Clause)?此事在国内外媒体上炒得火爆,可中国经济界究竟有几个真正在乎?

为什么不在乎?不是因为美国单方使用“301条款”违反世贸组织规则,也不是因为这一条款内容不公平,也违背客观经济规律,毕竟特朗普政府高官连“退出世贸组织”的话都“理直气壮”放出来了,践踏一下世贸规则对他们实在不算个事;而是因为中国产业界、中国出口商早就对美国的“301条款”见惯不惊了,可山姆大叔动用这根大棒“敲打”中国近30年,结果是中国经济和出口体量照样突飞猛进。时至今日,中美实力对比已经发生了本质性变化,“301条款”还能吓得住中国?

最初的“301条款”出自美国《1974年贸易改革法》(Trade Reform Act of 1974),《1988年综合贸易与竞争力法》(The Omnibus Trade & Competitiveness Act of 1988)进一步发展出了针对知识产权问题的“特别301条款”(Special 301 Clause),翌年美国就对中国动用了“特别301条款”,将中国与另外7个国家一同列入“重点观察名单”,1991年4月进一步升级至“重点国家”,5月开始动手调查中国知识产权保护问题,9月查抄了纽约和洛杉矶的23家中资公司,10月宣布根据“301条款”调查中国市场准入问题……由此算来,美国对中国使用“特别301条款”已经28年,动手采取实际查抄等举措已经26年,效果如何?一言以蔽之:强!因为在此期间中国GDP、对外贸易突飞猛进,在国际经济体系中的“江湖地位”、与美国的实力差距都发生了近乎颠覆性的、有利于中国的改变。

更重要的是,在此期间,就在美国开始对中国动用“特别301条款”前后,中国进出口商品构成、贸易收支、全球市场份额都发生了革命性变化,标志着中国经济和在国际经济体系中“江湖地位”开始全面脱胎换骨。

在此之前,中国进出口商品构成和贸易收支的总体特点是初级产品出口多于进口,工业制成品进口多于出口,农业国色彩仍然颇为浓厚,且从1840年鸦片战争前夕起贸易逆差就一直是中国贸易收支的常态。1990年,中国工业制成品出口额(462亿美元)首次超过进口额(435亿美元);1995年,中国初级产品进口额(244亿美元)首次超过出口额(215亿美元)。由此,中国迅速成长为全世界最大工业制成品出口国、最大初级产品进口国,进出口贸易商品构成转为彻底的工业国特征。同样是在1990年,中国贸易收支从上年的逆差244亿美元转为顺差412亿美元,从此开启延续至今近30年的贸易顺差时代,其间仅1993年出现过贸易逆差。

在上述进出口商品构成和贸易收支根本性变化的基础上,2015年,中国在全球货物贸易出口市场所占份额从1948年的区区0.9%提升至14.2%, 比市场份额排名第二的美国(9.1%)高出一半还多,基本上接近二战后、1950年代初美国达到的高峰,也就是美国在其实力鼎盛时期的和平年代所能占有的最高份额。

好,既然山姆大叔动用301大棒“敲打”中国28年,结果是把中国“敲打”成了第一制造业大国、第一出口大国、第一外汇储备大国、唯一拥有联合国产业分类所有工业门类的国家,那么这回再次准备祭出特别301大棒,会不会把中国“打成”全方位、成色十足的世界第一经济大国?我们满怀期待,拭目以观。

(作者:梅新育 商务部研究院研究员)

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