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美国宣布正式对中国发起“301调查”

2017-08-19 07:46:28   

诞生于上世纪冷战时期的“301调查”在上世纪80年代的美日贸易纠纷中被多次使用,并曾引发国际社会强烈不满,因为这一调查具有极强的单边主义色彩。

美国彼得森国际经济研究所高级研究员查德·鲍恩形容说,在这一调查中,美国政府既是警察(判断外国政府是否有错)、又是检察官(提起诉讼)、又是陪审团(甄别证据)、又是法官(决定是否采取报复性措施)。

极具霸权意味的“301调查”,对中国来说并不新鲜。

上世纪八九十年代,美国曾频繁对华发起“301调查”。但1995年世贸组织成立后,美国政府开始很少使用这一调查工具,而更倾向于跳过“301调查”程序、直接在世贸组织向其他国家提出贸易诉讼。

美方最近一次对中方发起“301调查”是在2010年。当年10月,美国贸易代表办公室宣布,应美国钢铁工人联合会提出的申请,启动对华清洁能源有关政策和措施的“301调查”。最终中美谈判达成一致,美方未采取措施。

2、影响:损人终损己

针对美方举动,不少美国专家指出,这种单边主义举措,无益于解决美国自身的经济问题,不仅有损中美经贸关系,也将伤及美国的国际形象。

曾出任前白宫贸易顾问的鲍恩说,美国应寻求通过世贸组织规则,而非“301调查”等单边制裁工具来解决对话贸易争端。

“虽然没有正式协议要求美国必须停止使用‘301调查’,但对美国来说确实没必要再度使用这项法律条款,因为世贸组织已拥有有效的争端解决机制”。

贝拉克·奥巴马政府时期的美国贸易代表迈克尔·弗罗曼警告,过去数十年来,几乎每届美国政府都要求其他国家遵守全球贸易规则,如果特朗普政府开始绕开世贸组织而采取单边制裁措施,其他国家将可对美国展开合法报复,甚至可能效仿美国采取单边主义举措,这将瓦解以规则为基础的国际贸易秩序。

3、特朗普为何这样做?美国专家:权宜之计

美国中国问题专家罗伯特·劳伦斯·库恩说,对中国发起贸易调查只是“政治上的权宜之计”,因为特朗普竞选时曾承诺支持者将为他们找回就业。

“抨击中国并不会让问题得以解决,而是需要对工人进行再教育,使他们适应自动化时代的新工种。”

库恩认为,此举无益于解决美国经济问题。短期来看,少部分美国人可能受益。长期来看,美国经济将受损,因为这可能会阻碍美国经济朝更可持续的方向发展,“这将是一种倒退”。

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