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伊库区独立公投有多大杀伤力?

2017-09-28 08:07:52   

  将带来破坏性影响

库尔德人说,公投通过并不意味着“明天”就宣布独立,而是将在今后与中央政府谈判中占据更有利的位置。但舆论普遍认为,公投的过程远比结果重要。对于伊拉克内部局势和中东地区稳定来说,公投本身将带来破坏性影响。

首先,对库尔德人自己来说,公投过后将面临严峻考验。

路透社评论称,巴尔扎尼可能认为独立时机已经成熟,但库区经济状况却给出相反的答案。它是一个80%—90%的基本物资依赖进口、途经土耳其的油气管道为其90%财政收入来源的经济实体。再加上地理上被陆地包围、并无出海口,一旦伊朗、土耳其等邻国关闭边境,可能会导致其物价迅速飙升或食品、燃料等基本商品短缺,给当地经济带来毁灭性打击。

其次,就伊拉克而言,伊拉克中央政府的权威和控制力将被削弱。

孙德刚认为,公投打碎了伊拉克的国家认同,地方与中央将就利益和权力产生更多分歧。有评论称,最大危险可能是,伊军、什叶派民兵武装与库尔德人武装就石油重镇基尔库克和其他种族混杂的库尔德人控制区归属发生冲突。

再者,对其他3个库尔德人分布国来说,伊拉克库区的法理独立可能造成负面示范效应。一方面,它在政治和心理层面都会给少数族裔带来触动,可能会掀起危险的连锁反应。另一方面,各中央政府可能会加大防范和打击力度,库尔德人和其他民族的矛盾可能激化,从而进一步加剧中东地区碎片化。

最后,对于中东局势而言,“地区主要矛盾可能将发生变化”。孙德刚说,1948年以色列独立后,中东主要矛盾是以色列与阿拉伯世界的矛盾;冷战后,特别是“9·11”恐袭后,中东主要矛盾突出表现为恐怖主义与反恐斗争之间的矛盾;若库尔德人寻求独立,“后IS时代”中东的主要矛盾会不会演变为独立与统一之间的矛盾?这将对中东格局产生巨大影响。

目前,除以色列外,伊库区公投几乎遭到域内国家和域外大国的一致反对。土耳其、伊朗等相关邻国自然不愿意看到库尔德人的离心倾向。对于美国来说,肢解伊拉克、打破地区权力平衡并不符合其利益:短期来看,可能拆散整个反恐团队,让IS有可乘之机; 从长远看,它将失去一张制衡伊拉克的“底牌”。尽管俄罗斯措辞“模糊”,但考虑到伊朗和土耳其的感受,它也对公投持保留意见。唯独站在阿拉伯世界对立面的以色列,乐见库区独立的局面发生。金良祥指出,库尔德独立运动不符合中东地区求和平、求稳定的整体诉求。(记者 安峥)

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