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伊拉克库区搞独立 为何土耳其反应那么大?

2017-09-22 06:52:14   新华网

伊拉克北部库尔德自治区(库区)的独立公投招致邻国土耳其、伊朗和叙利亚强烈反对。其中,土耳其的反应最大。土耳其军方18日起在距离土伊边界两公里的地方举行军事演习,土耳其总统雷杰普·塔伊普·埃尔多安19日威胁说,将对库区采取制裁。土耳其外长和国防部长甚至称,不排除动用武力。

为什么土耳其这么紧张?因为土耳其境内有两倍于库区人口的库尔德人,以库尔德工人党(PKK)为首的分裂组织近几十年来一直在举事。一旦伊拉克库区独立,叙利亚北部库尔德自治区效仿,土耳其库尔德人势必有所动作,库区公投产生的连锁反应将严重威胁土耳其国家安全和领土完整。

没有事先通知,土耳其从18日开始在土伊边境口岸哈布尔附近举行军事演习,演习将持续到26日,即库区独立公投后一天。土耳其外交部长梅夫吕特·恰武什奥卢此前声称,土耳其反对库区独立,“必要时将动用武力”。

正在纽约出席联合国大会的土耳其总统埃尔多安19日说,库区独立公投可能引爆中东又一轮冲突,土耳其将考虑对其制裁。他没有细说制裁措施包括哪些方面,只是说“措施将非比寻常”。

土耳其国防部长努雷丁·贾尼克利19日在安卡拉举行的记者会上说:“这个变动将意味着伊拉克领土完整受到破坏,这对土耳其构成重要风险。(如果)伊拉克和叙利亚的领土被瓦解,这将点燃一个更大规模的全球冲突,而且看不到尽头。”

库尔德人是中东地区仅次于阿拉伯、突厥和波斯民族的第四大民族,是西亚最古老的民族之一,总人口约3000万,主要分布在土耳其东南部、伊朗西北部、伊拉克北部和叙利亚东北部。虽然人口众多,但库尔德人没有自己的国家,一战以来一直在为建国举事,但均以失败告终。

土耳其的库尔德人口有1200多万,主要分布在东南部几个有石油资源的省份。土耳其最为人所知的分裂组织是库尔德工人党。库尔德工人党成立于1979年,试图通过武力在土耳其、伊拉克、伊朗与叙利亚交界处的库尔德人聚居区建立独立国家,被土耳其、美国和欧盟视作恐怖组织。

库尔德工人党主要活动于伊拉克与土耳其接壤的高山地区。近年来,土耳其军方时常发动越境空袭和小规模地面行动,招致伊拉克方面不满。

土耳其还试图在库区管辖范围以外的石油重镇基尔库克施展影响力。土耳其在基尔库克的代理人是土库曼族。土库曼族是伊拉克的少数民族,主要生活在伊拉克北部与土耳其接壤地区。土库曼人与土耳其人同属突厥血统,在语言、历史和文化上有千丝万缕的联系。土耳其一直将土库曼人视为民族近亲,经常为伊拉克和叙利亚的土库曼人“出头”。

土耳其与伊拉克库区的经贸往来密切,是库区的最大投资来源国。尽管双方“口水仗”升级,路透社记者在边境口岸采访发现,外贸貌似还未受到影响,往来于土耳其与库区的货车和卡车依然川流不息。

值得一提的是,石油资源丰富的库区位于内陆,没有出海口,石油出口主要途经土耳其,说土耳其掌握着库区的经济命脉也不为过。库区政府此前与俄罗斯石油公司达成协议,计划建造多条经由土耳其抵达地中海的输油管道。(王宏彬)(新华社专特稿)

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