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羽翼渐丰 叙利亚库尔德人谋自治

2017-09-24 07:26:53   新华网

就在伊拉克北部库尔德自治区(库区)搞独立公投之际,邻国叙利亚的库尔德人正在为他们历史上第一次议会选举做准备。他们刻意与库区保持距离,接受媒体采访时称,叙利亚库尔德人的目标不是独立,而是寻求以联邦制形式自治。

根据法新社报道,选举将分为3个阶段。第一个阶段是村级别,选拔基层代表,定于22日开始。第二个阶段是城镇和地区级别,选举地方执行委员会,定于今年11月举行。第三个阶段是正式选举,在卡米什利、阿夫林和科巴尼三个库尔德人聚居区分别选举立法委员会,然后再选出议会,将在明年1月举行。

去年3月,叙利亚库尔德人最大党派民主联盟党宣布,在上述三个地区建立“联邦区”,以实现自治。

库尔德民主联盟党主席萨利赫·穆斯利姆21日说:“我们是叙利亚的一部分,我们的要求不是分裂,而是联邦制……选举是巩固联邦制的第一步。”

库尔德民主联盟党强调,选举不是库尔德人一个民族的事,而是居住在叙利亚北部这片土地上所有民族的事。在卡米什利和阿穆达等地,到处悬挂着用库尔德语、阿拉伯语和亚述语写成的选举标语。2011年叙利亚内战爆发前,叙利亚北部有数万名亚述基督徒。

内战前,叙利亚库尔德人口占该国总人口的15%。叙利亚政府军从北部撤走后,库尔德人迅速坐大,成为美军打击极端组织“伊斯兰国”最倚重的地方武装。目前正在攻打拉卡的部队,大部分是库尔德人。

叙利亚政府反对库尔德人在北部建立联邦自治区,称“所谓的议会选举是个笑话”。亲政府媒体《祖国报》总编瓦达·阿比德·拉布21日批评说,库尔德人在北部搞的选举不合法。拉布说:“任何改变叙利亚政治体制的企图只能通过修改宪法达成,这需要全体叙利亚人进行公投。”

库尔德问题专家穆特卢·奇维罗格鲁认为,叙利亚库尔德人不是分裂分子,“他们希望留在一个统一、多元、权力下放的叙利亚”。他说:“这些选举为库尔德人将来建设自己的政治机构提供了机会。”

选举的另一个用意,对于这个长期被排挤在权力边缘的少数民族,是向巴沙尔政权示威。奇维罗格鲁说,他们想告诉叙总统巴沙尔:“叙利亚北部已经今非昔比,我们当家了,你说了不算。”

叙利亚和伊拉克的库尔德人有什么区别?美国学者法布里斯·巴朗什认为,他们争取权力的道路处在不同阶段,“叙利亚的库尔德人刚刚迈出第一步,而伊拉克的库尔德人已经走到(独立前的)最后一步了”;相同的是,“他们都想寻求地区和国际上的合法性”。

对于很多叙利亚库尔德人而言,这是他们期盼已久的出头之日。现年50岁的居民奥马尔·阿卜迪告诉法新社记者:“这是我们历史上第一次选举。我从没想过能看到这一天。”

不过,与伊拉克的同族人一样,他们也势必遭到邻国和西方国家的反对,尤其是土耳其。土耳其把叙利亚库尔德民主联盟党及其下属武装组织“人民保护部队”视为土反政府组织库尔德工人党(PKK)在叙利亚的分支。土耳其总统埃尔多安多次表示,土耳其永远不会容忍库尔德人在叙利亚北部建国。

库尔德人是中东地区仅次于阿拉伯、突厥和波斯民族的第四大民族,是西亚最古老的民族之一,总人口约3000万,主要分布在土耳其东南部、伊朗西北部、伊拉克北部和叙利亚东北部。虽然人口众多,但库尔德人没有自己的国家,一战以来一直在为建国举事,但均以失败告终。(王宏彬)(新华社专特稿)

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