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库尔德人“建国”之路困难重重

2017-09-24 08:01:51   新华网

今年6月,伊拉克库尔德自治区政府主席巴尔扎尼公开了即将于9月25日举行独立公投的决定,引发国际社会广泛关注。随着预定公投日期的临近,伊拉克中央政府和最高法院都为叫停公投而发出疾呼,但收效甚微。独立公投只是库尔德民族走向“建国”尝试的第一步,其道路不会平坦。纵观伊拉克库尔德人当前的“建国”之路,有利与不利因素并立,国内与国际影响兼具。

伊拉克库尔德区已获得高度自治地位多年,事实上处于游离于伊拉克中央政府掌控之外的半独立状态,此次独立公投只是一次“正名”活动,其目的是“实至名归”。

伊拉克库尔德人在历史上长期受到伊拉克当局的打压,其综合处境堪忧。但在萨达姆政权垮台后,美国开启了对伊拉克的民主改造,曾作为“盟友”帮助美国推翻萨达姆政权的伊拉克库尔德人的境遇随之发生巨变,所获得的高度自治地位和政府要职等更是令其它国家的库尔德人望尘莫及。经过十余年的发展,伊拉克库区已作为一个独立政治实体频繁活跃于地区及世界舞台,那里实际上已经没有太多伊拉克的符号存在了,甚至连伊拉克国旗都极为罕见。

伊拉克库尔德人“建国”的另一个有利因素,是地区大国以色列对独立公投的大力支持。被阿拉伯世界包围的以色列期望在中东地区发展非阿盟友,同样没有属于自己的民族国家的库尔德人便成为了重要选项。以色列与伊拉克库尔德人的各取所需及共同遭遇拉近了彼此之间的距离。虽然只有以色列一国公开支持其独立公投,但对于伊拉克库尔德人而言这确实是“雪中送炭”。

然而,独立公投违反了伊拉克的国内法,也冲击了当前的民族国家体系,因而招致联合国和国际社会的普遍反对。可以预见的是,即便公投获得通过,也很难得到国际社会的普遍承认。库区作为伊拉克的一部分,其未来地位只能由包括库尔德人在内的全体伊拉克人民来决定,库区政府和议会所推进的独立公投涉嫌违宪。

库尔德人是跨界民族,除了伊拉克以外,还主要分布在土耳其、伊朗和叙利亚三国。作为库尔德问题的攸关方,这三个国家都强烈反对伊拉克库尔德区的独立公投。它们担忧境内的库尔德人因为公投的外溢效应趁机提出更多的“自治”诉求,或者像土耳其库工党那样进一步加强暴力活动。虽然这三国的地区政策不尽相同,但在反对库尔德“建国”问题上是天然的盟友。

此外,“建国”意味着与伊拉克的彻底分离,而库尔德地区领导人并未就此做好准备。得不到伊拉克承认的“独立”难以走向最终的实质性“建国”,在此期间伊中央政府及有关国家的“胡萝 卜加大棒”可能会促使库区领导人自愿或被迫放弃“建国”梦想。

可以预见,伊拉克库尔德人的“建国”尝试可能会带来以下几个方面的后续影响。首先,公投可能会招致伊拉克政府使用政治、经济甚至军事等手段对库尔德人进行多重打压,进而使后者失去原本拥有的自治地位和国际空间,最终结果只会适得其反。独立公投行为实际上破坏了库区在伊拉克内部的地方自治地位,一旦中央政府采取反制措施并对国际社会施压,库区的稳定与繁荣会面临巨大挑战。

其次,独立公投会让地区形势变得更加复杂,尤其对协同打击“伊斯兰国”的有利反恐形势造成极其负面的影响。在伊拉克境内,打击“伊斯兰国”的反恐行动离不开中央政府与库区政府的紧密合作,在即将扫清伊境内“伊斯兰国”武装的关键时刻,伊拉克内部的纷争可能会让“伊斯兰国”的图谋重新有可趁之机,这就会造成“鹬蚌相争,渔翁得利”的局面,也会削弱叙利亚境内打击“伊斯兰国”的行动效力。

(作者钮松,系上海外国语大学中东研究所副研究员)

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