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伊库区独立公投有多大杀伤力?

2017-09-28 08:07:52   

9月25日,伊拉克库尔德地区(库区),不顾各方反对举行独立公投。初步结果显示,逾95%的当地民众投出了赞成票。但是,尽管公投结果为伊拉克库区提供了内部法理基础,但这远远不意味着独立行将实现。

  为何此时执意公投

有评论称,早在第一次世界大战期间,库尔德人便开始了独立建国的努力。当时,协约国作出承诺,支持其在战后独立建国,但最终并未兑现。这也直接导致3000万库尔德人分散在伊拉克、伊朗、叙利亚和土耳其四国。

“库尔德独立运动有其内生性动力,”上海国际问题研究院西亚非洲研究中心副主任金良祥指出,“库尔德民族作为少数民族在上述四国可能都曾遭到不同程度的歧视、同化和政治迫害。但是,这种状态很大程度上仍是美国等西方大国对中东国家实施‘分而治之’政策、试图牵制中央政府的结果。”

从上世纪90年代初美国建立禁飞区起,伊拉克库区便获得了半自治权,稳步建立了自己的政府部门、民事服务机构和军队。自2014年“伊斯兰国”(IS)出现以来,伊拉克库尔德人在美国的扶持下不断壮大,并已成为打击IS 的得力战友。路透社称,2014年,鉴于对美国武器的需求,库尔德人放弃了遭美国反对的公投计划。然而,3年后,随着IS实力的致命性削弱,华盛顿似乎不再拥有左右库尔德人“野心”(完全自治)的力量。

专家认为,这次伊拉克库尔德人“任性”公投,与打击IS的实质性进展和伊拉克局势密不可分。

伊军打击IS的战斗已近尾声,叙利亚战场也进入收官阶段。“伊拉克库尔德人认为,现在已是最后的‘窗口期’,”上外中东研究所所长刘中民说,他们在美国中东战略中的重要位置,源于其在打击IS战斗中的作用。今后,他们的战略价值将呈下行曲线。因此,库尔德人要抓住最后的机遇,引起国际社会更多关注,从而为与中央政府进行权力博弈和利益分配积累筹码。

而在伊拉克库区内部,库尔德领导人也有借公投转移内部矛盾、扩大影响力的考虑。上外中东研究所副所长孙德刚指出,伊拉克库区主席巴尔扎尼已是“超负荷运转”(超出任期两年),库区内部不和也早有端倪,第一大党和第三大党支持公投,但第二大党“改革党”明确反对公投,因此不排除他想打“公投牌”凝聚支持、巩固自身地位的可能。

值得一提的是,“库尔德人公投也有获得更多石油利益、瓜分‘后伊斯兰国时代’胜利果实的考虑,”孙德刚说。石油重镇基尔库克并不位于库区的3个自治省里,但在2014年被库尔德武装控制。此后,库尔德人便处于主动位置,不断向处于被动的伊政府要价。

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