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人民币对美元汇率 能否夺回“8·11”失地?

2017-09-11 08:47:38   中国经济网

■阎 岳

近期,人民币对美元汇率持续大幅升值成为市场最为关注的焦点话题。人民币走势与中国经济稳中有升密切相关,也与不间断的人民币汇率改革有关。笔者突然冒出一个想法,人民币对美元汇率会不会在短期内夺回“8·11”失地呢?

9月8日晚间有消息称,央行将从9月11日起将外汇风险准备金率从20%调整为零。此举除了可以降低企业远期购汇成本外,最重要的一点则是展示了央行对人民币在国际地位上的自信。比如越来越多的国家将人民币作为储备货币或将汇率与人民币挂钩。最近的案例是委内瑞拉的官方汇率从本周开始使用人民币等一篮子货币。

提到外汇风险准备金率的设定,就绕不开“8·11”汇改。正是在“8·11”汇改之后的2015年10月份,外汇风险准备金率设定为20%。这一举措除了增加在岸离岸套利成本外,对于汇率的稳定也起到了积极作用。

2015年8月10日,人民币对美元中间价为6.1162元。8月11日,人民币对美元中间价报6.2298元,较前一交易日中间价贬值1.86%。当天,央行声明,决定完善人民币对美元汇率中间价报价:自2015年8月11日起,做市商在每日银行间外汇市场开盘前,参考上日银行间外汇市场收盘汇率,综合考虑外汇供求情况以及国际主要货币汇率变化向中国外汇交易中心提供中间价报价。这就是“8·11”汇改。

之后,人民币对美元出现阶段性贬值。今年上半年,人民币对美元在6.80元至6.92元之间横盘。

在“8·11”汇改以后的两年时间里,央行逐步完善中间价定价机制,最终形成“前一交易日收盘汇率+一篮子货币汇率变化+逆周期因子”的定价机制。尤其是今年5月26日,人民币对美元汇率在中间价报价模型中引入了逆周期因子,触发了本轮人民币汇率对美元升值的走势。

9月8日,人民币对美元中间价报6.5032元,较前一交易日升值237点,这是连续第10个交易日中间价上调,创2011年年初以来最长连涨纪录。在当日的在岸即期市场上,人民币对美元汇率更是一度升破6.44元关口。

从“8·11”汇改之前的6.1元,到今年上半年出现的6.9元,再到现在的6.5元,人民币对美元已经下到了“半山腰”,正在稳步向汇改之前的6.1元迈进。

对于今后的汇改,央行在今年第二季度货币政策执行报告中强调,下一阶段将进一步完善人民币汇率市场化形成机制,加大市场决定汇率的力度,增强人民币汇率双向浮动弹性,保持人民币汇率在合理均衡水平上的基本稳定。

由央行强调市场在汇率中的作用,我们可以做出这样的推测:既然现在市场选择了人民币对美元汇率的升值,那么这个进程就不会贸然结束。当然了,人民币对美元汇率不会出现单边市,中间会有反复,也就是人民币汇率双向浮动弹性会增强。从今后一段时期来看,人民币对美元收复“8·11”汇改失地是完全有可能的,但绝对不会一蹴而就,需要时间积累。

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