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美国对华“301调查”伤人害己

2017-08-22 10:51:37   央广网

8月21日,中国商务部新闻发言人就美国对华启动“301调查”发表谈话:“美方无视世贸组织规则,依据国内法对华发起贸易调查,是不负责任的,对中方的指责是不客观的。中方对美方这种单边主义、保护主义的做法表示强烈不满。”从美国总统特朗普签署总统行政令,到正式展开“301调查”,前后一周时间,让国际社会见证了美国的逆势而为。

所谓的“301调查”诞生于上世纪冷战时期,源自美国《1974年贸易法》第301条。该条款授权美国贸易代表可对他国的“不合理或不公正贸易做法”发起调查,并可在调查结束后建议美国总统实施单边制裁,包括撤销贸易优惠、征收报复性关税等。“301”制度自面世以来,就具有浓厚的单边主义色彩,一直为其他国家所反对。上世纪八九十年代,美国曾频繁对包括中国、日本在内的多个贸易伙伴发起“301调查”,但1995年世贸组织成立后,美国政府就很少使用这一过时的调查工具,而更倾向于直接在世贸组织向其他国家提出贸易诉讼。如今,美方再次对华发起“301调查”,充分暴露特朗普政府的贸易保护主义立场。这不仅与经济全球化的现实背道而驰,而且无益于从根本上解决美国国内经济问题。

过去30多年,中美贸易额增长了200多倍,去年双边贸易额已超过5500亿美元,截至去年年底双向投资累计超过1700亿美元。可以说,经贸合作在中美关系发展进程中起到了压舱石和推进器的重要作用。在中美贸易结构中,中国也展现出了作为发展中国家的后发优势,特别是在一些中低端产业上逐渐建立起对美出口优势,但由于美方在高科技出口等领域的对华限制,使得中美贸易确实出现了不平衡问题。不过,原因是多方面的,美国不该把一些自身原因也归结在中国身上。尽管特朗普政府一直鼓吹“美国优先”,但不能为了安抚国内情绪,就悍然发起对华“301调查”,试图借此迫使中方妥协让步,解决所谓的贸易不平衡问题。无论是对中国企业,还是对美国企业,这样做都极不公平、极不负责。

当前,中美经贸关系已发展成为多层次、多维度的成熟关系,具备了极强的韧性,足以抵御诸多不利因素的冲击。“301调查”这种过时的单边主义举措必然会伤人害己,但也还不会撼动双边合作大局,不会影响中美经贸关系整体走势。从根本上说,中美利益交融日深,双方已形成“你中有我、我中有你”的紧密合作格局,任何贸易保护主义做法必将损害双边经贸关系及双方企业利益,美国不可能独善其身。即便特朗普政府一意孤行,在调查结束后对华实施贸易制裁,中方也有足够的能力进行反制。美国对中国的出口市场很大,涉及大豆、汽车到飞机等产品,中国完全可以考虑反调查或使用替代进口等举措,让美方认识到贸易战的后果只会两败俱伤。中国已经做好两手准备,正如商务部发言人所强调,“我们敦促美方尊重事实,尊重双方业界希望加强合作的强烈愿望,尊重多边贸易规则,审慎行事”,但另一方面,“如果美方不顾事实、不尊重多边贸易规则而采取损害双方经贸关系的举动,中方绝不会坐视,必将采取所有适当措施,坚决捍卫中方合法权益”。

中美两国元首海湖庄园和汉堡成功会晤以来,中美双方本着互利共赢的原则,在全面经济对话框架下就双边经贸议题正进行顺畅、建设性的沟通和磋商,已经取得实实在在的进步和成果。美国这个时候对华发起“301调查”极不明智,不利于推动中美经贸关系在健康稳定的轨道上继续前行。单边主义和保护主义是时候退出历史舞台了,因为这是一个和平发展、合作共赢的时代,中美之间具有广泛的共同利益,拥有实现共同繁荣的无限可能。

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