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李迅雷:近年来货币政策与股价呈“弱相关性”

2017-09-13 17:31:28   中国经济网

作者|李迅雷 唐军「中泰证券股份有限公司,李迅雷系首席经济学家」

文章|《中国金融》2017年第17期

货币政策调整会影响货币的流动性,即改变货币的流量和流向,进而扰动商品和资产的价格。本文主要从货币政策工具运用对流动性的影响角度,探讨货币政策变化与股票价格波动间的相关性。

货币供应量变化对股价影响趋弱

货币政策工具非常多,但调控不外乎总是从两个方向发挥作用,一个是价格即利率,另一个是数量即货币流动性,且量与价又相互关联。通常说,货币政策趋松,则货币供应量增速加快或利率下行;货币政策趋紧,则货币供应量增速放缓或利率上行。一般而言,前者有利于股市上涨,后者则会促使股市下跌。

不过,研究货币政策对股价的影响存在一定难度,原因在于货币政策总是逆周期的,货币政策宽松是因为经济下行压力大,货币政策收紧是因为经济已经企稳回升。定量分析货币政策对股价的影响度,尤其是单一地以基准利率调整来判断股市走势更难,原因可能有两个:一是货币当局对利率调整频度较低,也就是价格工具运用的频度远低于数量工具;二是我国利率市场化程度有一个逐步提高的过程,单一地用基准利率波动曲线与股市的市盈率(代表估值水平)波动曲线作比较的意义不大。因此,大部分研究者更喜欢用货币供应量的变化来分析其与股价的相关性并预测股市走势。笔者认为货币超发现象(M2增速与名义GDP增速之差长期大于零)之所以没有导致CPI的大幅上涨,是因为金融资产和房地产等吸纳了大部分超发货币。

笔者又把费雪方程式做了变换,即MV=PQ=P1Q1+P2Q2+P3Q3+P4Q4+…其中,M表示货币供应量,V表示货币流通速度,P表示总体价格水平,Q、Q1、Q2、Q3、Q4分别代表最终产品和服务数量、一般消费品和一般服务数量、高收入群体购买的奢侈品和奢华服务数量、金融资产的数量、实物资产(主要是房地产)的数量,而P1~P4都是与之对应的价格。通过上述的公式变换,大致可以解释中国货币超发但并未引发CPI大幅上行的原因:首先,由于日益扩大的收入差距,这些货币大多流入高净值群体手中;其次,中国从1990年开始有了股市和债市,从2000年起房地产市场化带来楼市的繁荣,这导致Q3和Q4的规模大幅上升,从而造成大量的货币流向证券市场和房地产市场。

那么,货币供应量增速与股市的估值水平间的关系究竟如何呢?不少研究者曾分别用M1或M2增速变化来预测A股的估值水平变化趋势,但从实际结果看,M1增速与市盈率波动之间的拟合度要好于M2增速。笔者也曾对反映定期存款活期化速度的ΔM1(M1增速-M2增速)与A股市盈率变化做相关性分析,尽管从当时看用ΔM1拟合的效果要好于M1或M2增速,但如果把观察时间再延伸至今,便会发现近年来无论是M1增速还是ΔM1,它们与A股市盈率之间的相关性趋弱。

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