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日媒:虚拟货币火爆倒逼全球央行“出击”

2017-09-11 16:26:41   中国网

日媒称,世界各国的中央银行已相继开始讨论发行具有法律依据的数字货币。这是因为各国央行存在一种危机感,即如果比特币等虚拟货币以惊人的速度不断普及,那么在资金结算服务等领域,本国货币的存在感将下降,未来势必对货币政策产生影响。在日本,以日本银行(央行)和金融界为中心,积极利用称得上“第二日元”的安全数字货币的意见正在扩大。

据《日本经济新闻》网站9月8日报道,“普京总统会见维塔利克·布特林,表示了支持”,6月2日,日本央行高官的眼睛盯住了克里姆林宫发布的一份会议公报。布特林是仅次于比特币的虚拟货币平台“以太坊”的创始人。俄罗斯央行已经宣布,将开发利用以太坊技术的系统。越来越多的猜测认为,为了发行俄罗斯第一种法定数字货币,双方的合作已经展开。

瑞典将于2018年底对是否发行数字货币“e克朗”作出判断。如果实现发行,即使是没有银行账户的人,也能在柜台进行电子结算。

爱沙尼亚今年8月透露计划称,将发行自主的数字货币“爱沙币”(Estcoin)。荷兰、加拿大和英国的央行也一齐启动了研究。

针对央行主动讨论数字货币发行的背景,日本央行在报告中指出,这些举措“意在保护货币政策的有效性”。比特币等虚拟货币的价格波动剧烈,同时流通量难以控制。目前以投机为目的的购买占大部分,如果虚拟货币被用于各种结算,那么货币政策的效果可能被削弱。

比特币的总市值截至8月已达到820亿美元(包括分裂出去的“比特币现金”),是年初的5倍。100种主要虚拟货币的总市值达到1700亿美元。日本央行高官指出,虚拟货币虽然缺乏稳定的价值和流通性等被称为具普遍接受性的货币必备条件,但“无法排除将来构成威胁的可能性”。

各国中央银行能无利息低成本地发行货币,因此能长期获得通过国债投资等产生的“货币铸造税”这一会计上的货币发行收益。因此,一旦虚拟货币激增导致以《日本银行法》等为基础的日元份额下降、发行收益减少,日本央行的财务状况就有可能恶化。

世界各国央行在19世纪中期掌握了货币垄断发行权。曾担任日本央行第一任金融科技中心负责人的岩下直行(京都大学教授)说,由于得到被称为区块链的划时代技术支撑的虚拟货币快速增长,“央行正在被卷入提高自己货币的便利性的全球竞争中”。

日本是屈指可数的现金大国,日本央行的货币发行额达到约100万亿日元。其中近一半并非用于日常结算,而是变为压箱底的现金。现金成为洗钱等非法行为的温床,北欧正在推进无现金化。数字货币有可能成为引爆“去现金化”的契机。

“美国联邦储备委员会应该引入数字流通货币”,曾担任美联储主席珍妮特·耶伦顾问的达特茅斯学院教授安德鲁·莱文的言论一度引发热议。岩下直行也指出“央行完成法律所规定的事就万事大吉的时代结束了”。各国通用货币在便利性和技术革新上不思进取,跨国界的虚拟货币完全存在驱逐前者的可能性,接下来我们或许将迎来各国央行发行的数字货币竞争基础货币宝座的时代。

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