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货币乘数逆势上扬的动力与前景
2017-09-09 07:11:44 中国经济网
在货币政策仍将保持稳健的前提下,货币乘数稳步回落将成为大概率事件
■黄志龙
货币乘数反映了货币体系的货币派生和信用扩张能力,是观察流动性变化的一个重要指标。今年以来,在稳健中性货币政策引导下,资金市场利率回升到历史平均水平,M2增速也屡创新低,与此形成反差的是,货币乘数出现了逆势上扬,出现这一背离现象的背后原因是什么?未来一段时间基础货币、M2和货币乘数的前景又将怎样?
货币乘数具有典型“顺周期”特征
一般情况下,货币乘数具有典型的“周期性”顺特征,即货币政策宽松时,往往会引起货币派生增加进而带来货币乘数上升,相反,当货币政策收紧时,会导致使得货币派生收缩造成货币乘数下降。从2006年以来,货币乘数“顺周期”特征大体划分为以下几个阶段:2007年货币政策紧缩周期中,1年期Shibor利率在2008年前三季度维持高位,货币乘数滞后大约3个月,于当年12月降低到3.68倍的低点;2008年四季度金融危机后的货币大宽松环境下,货币乘数V型反转,于2009年6月达到高点4.59倍;2010年-2011年货币政策再度收紧,Shibor利率重回上升通道,货币乘数也回落到2011年9月的3.71倍;2015年-2016年货币政策转向“稳健略偏宽松”,Shibor利率大幅回落,相应地,货币乘数也上升到2016年9月的5.22倍;2016年四季度,货币政策开始转向“稳健中性”,资金市场利率一路上扬,货币乘数在经历短暂回落后,却再度逆势上扬,走出了与上述历史规律不一样的趋势。
货币乘数逆势上扬的原因
为何今年以来货币乘数会出现反常的逆势上扬,要回答这一问题,有必要对货币乘数定义及影响因素做简要分析。货币乘数是指在基础货币通过商业银行的货币派生、信用创造等功能实现的货币供给扩张的倍数。理论上讲,银行提供的货币和贷款会通过无限次的存款、贷款循环等产生出数倍于它的派生存款。在计算公式上,货币乘数m等于M2除以基础货币。
今年以来,M2增速屡创新低,7月份M2甚至出现了净萎缩,这与金融强监管下金融去杠杆导致非银行金融机构存款大幅下降直接关联。在此背景下,货币乘数仍出现逆势上涨,这说明基础货币以更加快的速度出现下降。而基础货币的下降,可从央行资产负债表结构中找到答案。基础货币即为“储备货币”项,它主要包括“货币发行”和“其他存款性公司存款”两个部分,前者指流通中货币和银行的库存现金,后者指银行在央行的准备金存款,包含法定准备金存款和超额准备金存款。
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