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摆不平的经济与环保?哈尔滨的治霾“游戏”

2016-12-26 08:01:34   

当褐煤进入了哈尔滨供热企业的锅炉,“煤不对炉”的问题开始产生。李滨堂将这种改变褐煤掺烧比例、额外添置许多褐煤提质的环保设备、以减少氮硫等排放指标的行为,比作“吃东西闹肚子,本来应该吃粗粮的要吃细粮,要吃细粮的吃粗粮”。

为了使褐煤燃烧排污达标,许多大型热电企业选择安装褐煤提质设备和除硫、除尘等环保设备,而为此付出的代价也尤为高昂。

在2014年之前,中国并没有关于热电企业选煤质量的限制标准,而只有对各类煤按质量分级的标准。直到根据2015年印发的《黑龙江省2015年度大气污染防治实施计划》,远距离运输(运距超过600公里)的褐煤,发热量不得低于3945千卡/千克。

在新的环保标准出台后,绝大部分褐煤将由于热值不足无法达标。这意味着,大型热企购置的用于褐煤提质的各类设备将变得“无用”,而被改造过的设备又不能最高效率地燃烧烟煤。这些问题对环保部门和企业都提出了挑战。

政府自降环保标准

被称为“史上最严”的《大气污染防治行动计划》规定,钢铁企业烧结机和球团生产设备2017年完成安装脱硫设施,但在《黑龙江省大气污染防治行动方案(2016~2018年)》中,完成时间却被推迟到了2018年。

在中央第二环境保护督察组11月初向黑龙江省反馈督察情况时,曾指出黑龙江省的环保工作部署存在降低标准、放松要求的现象。全省燃煤电厂有近90%的在产机组没有完成治污设施改造。2014年以来,该省没有按照《黑龙江省大气污染防治行动计划实施细则》规定,对省直相关部门工作情况进行年度考核,也未对2015年未完成治理任务且空气质量恶化地区实施问责。

督察组还特别指出,哈尔滨市环境治理工作推进不够有力。全市16家燃煤电厂中9家长期超标排放;455台每小时10蒸吨以上燃煤锅炉中有309台未完成污染治理设施改造。

但对环保部门而言,更严峻的挑战在于无任何环保设施的小锅炉。中央第二环保督察组指出,在全国普遍关停不达标燃煤小锅炉的情况下,黑龙江省却从2013年10月以来新增注册了每小时10蒸吨及以下燃煤小锅炉多达3031台。哈尔滨市甚至存在燃煤锅炉淘汰不实的现象,在该市南岗、香坊两区2015年上报已淘汰的165台燃煤小锅炉中,实际上有48台并没有被淘汰。

在11月初的那次雾霾天气中,空气重污染持续了26小时,AQI达到500持续14个小时,哈尔滨市却仅启动了蓝色预警。

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