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摆不平的经济与环保?哈尔滨的治霾“游戏”

2016-12-26 08:01:34   

事实上,相比于秸秆燃烧,燃煤供暖所引起的污染可以持续整个冬季。黑龙江省能源结构仍以燃煤为主。目前,黑龙江省是国内供暖期最长的省份,长达6个月。黑龙江省环境监测部门表示,燃煤已成为该省第一大“霾源”。

“东北地区重污染天气过程的PM2.5组分在线监测结果表明,燃煤、生物质燃烧和机动车排放是哈尔滨市PM2.5污染最主要的贡献源,占比分别为35%~40%、20%~30%和20%左右。”11月5日,环保部通报东北、华北地区重污染天气过程及应对工作情况时表示。

一些包括黑龙江省能源环境研究所对哈尔滨PM2.5主要来源的分析在内的研究显示,2012年以后激增的褐煤用量导致哈尔滨冬季的雾霾愈发严重。

发热量低、污染排放高是褐煤的主要特点。哈尔滨市曾大量依赖黑龙江龙煤矿业控股集团有限责任公司(以下简称“黑龙江龙煤集团”)的烟煤,褐煤进入哈尔滨市的时间并不长,相比烟煤,褐煤更低廉的价格使其被看作是烟煤的一种主要替代物。

2016年5月,哈尔滨市召开的大气污染防治工作会议透露,哈市煤炭消费总量达3300万吨,呈逐年增长趋势,其中低质煤炭1700万吨,占比高达52%。而2013年哈尔滨市褐煤使用量为1259万吨。

与哈尔滨市香坊区红升村化企街的村民仅一街之隔的,便是哈投投资股份有限公司热电厂(以下简称“哈投热电厂”),不远处还有一家垃圾焚烧厂。

一到夏天运煤的火车卸煤时,村内房屋窗户上就被覆盖上一层黑色的煤灰,“村里谁都不敢开窗”,衣服也没办法晾在外面。而化企街路面上原本铺排的黑渣与尘土也漫天飞扬。

当地村民告诉记者,这本是哈尔滨重化工企业聚集的地方,附近有多达5家化工企业,最辉煌时附近居民都是工人。如今化工厂接连倒闭,大多数工人因污染也都已搬离。

记者在现场看到,约两层楼高的燃煤露天堆在工厂的空地上。该厂燃料车间工人王旭告诉记者,平日里没有检查时就是露天堆放,一旦得知环保部门前来检查,工人们才会把毡布盖上,“临检查前,领导就喊我赶紧盖上”。

厂区成山的煤堆不时往外冒烟。现场工人称冒烟的是褐煤,因其燃点低,较容易自燃。王旭告诉记者,为了降低成本,该厂的褐煤和烟煤通常会混着烧。加煤的比例都是根据厂长的安排,通常是“一半褐煤一半烟煤地烧,有时候是3比2、2比1地烧”。因为受到当地环保部门的监控,去年才开始安装脱硫设施。

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