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房价到顶了吗?万科副总裁长文解析房市走向

2016-10-03 08:51:28   重庆时报

以日本1955-1974年地价增速为例,这20年间日本地价基本年涨幅都超过10%,平均在20%左右,部分年份超过35%,远远超过了同期日本人均GDP、人均收入的增速。

为什么不动产价格增速可能在一定时间内远超经济、收入增速呢?原因有二。首先,在经济高速增长之前,房价往往有一个“唤醒期”,一开始国内居民不会意识到未来房价可能出现大幅增长,而导致房价涨幅低于经济增速,这些累积的落差,在之后都会被补齐。其次,在经济高速增长刚刚结束的时候,房价仍会保持惯性上行。(关于后一个因素,在下一段我们可以分析得更深入一点。)

第二个论述则是“房价收入比、房价租金比(租金收益率)有一定的稳定、合理区间”。

对于小周期阶段,这个逻辑基本是成立的。我们先来看房价租金比(租金收益率)。比如说,当不动产市场进入稳定阶段后,理论上,房价租金比(租金收益率)不会太高也不会太低。如果房价过高,导致房价租金比过高或者租金收益率过低,那么会产生两个市场反应:(1)出租房屋的供应方无法达到必要收益率,会售出房屋(增加房价市场的供应)、结束出租(减少租金市场的供应);(2)出租房屋的需求端,本来打算买房的家庭会觉得租房比买房划算,从而选择停止购房(减少房价市场的需求),转向租房(增加租金市场的需求)。反之亦然。这个矫正机制,会让房价租金比(租金收益率)保持在相对平稳的水平上。

从下图可以看出,从1998到2008年,日本东京地价继续下跌了30%多,但房价租金比则始终保持稳定。同样的,从1982年到2015年,美国新房价格涨幅有频繁变动,但租金收益率却相当稳定。

但是,这一规律在大周期阶段并不适用。以日本为例:在1970-1997年期间,日本房价租金比指数在100到200之间,有接近一倍的变动幅度。其变动方向,与地价指数基本保持一致。

理解了房价租金比(租金收益率)变动规律的,我们就能理解房价收入比,也是同样的逻辑。很多人将“房价收入比”作为衡量一个地区房价是否合理的最好指标,这个理解是有问题的。

首先,房价收入比并不是一个经济学指标,或者不动产市场指标,而是一个社会学指标,可理解为“购房痛苦指数”。房价收入比越高,意味着城市居民要获得一套自有住房就越困难,需要在其他方面做出的牺牲就越大。

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