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房价到顶了吗?万科副总裁长文解析房市走向

2016-10-03 08:51:28   重庆时报

从这两张图中可以读出一些信息:从美国房地产市场历史数据看,房价长期上涨、易涨难跌。在过去66年,美国房产只在1970、1991-1992和2008-2011期间三次下跌,其他年份全部上涨。同时,也并没有发现明显的周期性规律。每次(房产地)景气循环的时长和幅度,并无统一的规律。

如果我们将房地产均价、消费物价、和名义GDP增速放在一起比较,可以得到以下这张图:

从这张图可以看出,从1950年到2015年,美国房价上涨24.8倍,同期消费物价指数上涨9.95倍,名义GDP上升28.33倍。也就是说,长期来看,美国房价跑赢CPI,但略输给名义GDP。另外一个有趣的观察就是,这三条曲线从未交叉,并保持基本类似的走势,也就是说,美国的房价、物价水平,和经济体的名义增长水平是同向变动,高度相关的。其中有一个非常重要的分界点,就是1980-1982年左右。之前三条曲线都呈现总体上行态势,而之后则转向下行。这个点,就可以看作区分美国经济“大周期”和“小周期”阶段的分界点。

事实上,从历史数据看,几乎每个经济体都有一个类似的分界点。也就是说,每个经济体在其发展史上,几乎都有(且仅有)一个经济快速发展、房价持续快速上涨的“大周期”。在这个大周期结束后,则进入总体平缓、短期波动的“小周期”时代。

2.日本经验

与美国不同,日本没有全国房价的统计数据,但有地价数据。从下图可以看出,相对于美国,日本的这个分界点要锋利得多,在1990-1992年期间,日本开始从经济快速发展、房价持续快速上涨的“大周期”转入入总体平缓、短期波动的“小周期”时期。

从美日以及其他很多经济体的经验来看,从大周期转向小周期的原因主要是“城市化”。在城市化基本完成后,一般经济高速增长会结束,住房需求基本得到满足,新增住房需求减少,存量交易、二手交易成为不动产市场的主流。如果从定量分析来看,日本分界点(1992年)的城镇化率是77.6%,而美国分界点(1982年)的城市化率是74%,非常接近(考虑到日本的最新城镇化率高于美国,二者之间的差异就更小),也就是说,75%左右的城镇化率是一个国家经济发展一次性大周期的临界点。因此,许多在小周期内有效的逻辑,对这么一个一次性的大周期阶段并不适用。

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