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日本生育率过低,18岁至34岁年轻人三分之一童男童女

2017-08-31 16:24:22   瞭望智库

3,资本主义为何影响人类生育

那么,资本主义如何影响人类生育呢?至少可以从如下几个方面来讨论。

第一、资本主义创造了劳动力市场。诚如马克思所说,资本主义的本质就是把世界上所有的东西转化成为“商品”,自由地在市场上进行交易和买卖。资本主义很轻易地把男人和女人转化成为商品,投入到劳动力市场。较之其他市场,劳动力市场是资本主义的核心。

根据马克思的说法,劳动力的自由买卖是资本主义制度的前提。这和传统社会构成了鲜明的对比。在传统社会,女性并不是劳动力市场的一部分,她们在一定程度上是生育工具,而这种“工具”也是被女性所接受的,不管是被动的还是自愿的。

第二、资本主义导致家庭的解体。资本主义不仅导致了社会共同体的解体,而且更导致了家庭的解体。男女劳动力的自由流动是家庭解体的第一步。在传统家庭体制下,男女两性都面临巨大的生育压力。一旦家庭解体,那么生育就不会面临像传统社会那样大的家庭压力。这尤其表现在东亚社会。

传统东亚社会对家庭极为重视,来自家庭的生育压力巨大。例如中国传统有“不孝有三,无后为大”的说法。不过,资本主义为个人主义的崛起,提供了经济和制度的条件。个人主义对人们的生育观念产生了巨大的负面影响。

第三、资本主义导致了巨大的生活压力,也使得人们不敢生育过多,或者不生育。资本主义的特征就是方方面面的竞争,不仅仅是男女两性在工作场所的竞争,而且也是家庭生活各方面的竞争,例如小孩教育、社交生活等。竞争消耗了男女两性的精力,使得人们没有多大的精力来生育;而过大过高的生活成本更使得人们不敢生育。

第四、资本主义导致了女性认同的急剧变化。资本主义有效改善着男女两性的社会经济状况。随着女性教育程度的提高,女性的自我生存和发展能力也迅速提高。在现代社会,女性的生存和发展能力甚至超越男性。

在传统社会,女性要依靠男性而生存;今天,女性完全可以独立地生存和发展。这种独立性使得女性可以决定生育或不生育。不管怎样,追求自由独立也是女性的天性。较之传统社会的自然生育,现代避孕技术的发展有助于女性追求这种自由。

第五、性的市场化导致的生育问题。随着男女两性性观念的变化,性市场以不同形式得以发展和发达起来。性观念变化促使男女两性视身体部位的商业化为正常。例如,传统带有歧视性的“妓女”概念,现在被视为是中性的“性工作者”概念,性市场的发达对生育有负面影响。

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