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中国尚处于资本输出的初级阶段

2017-09-01 17:41:10   国际在线

随着中国经济实力的不断增强,中国企业对外投资的热情提升,中国资本输出的步伐也在加快。据官方公布的数据,中国已连续两年成为资本净输出国。其中,2015年中国对外直接投资额达1456.7亿美元,比当年实际利用外资额多100.7亿美元。2016年,因房地产、娱乐等部分领域非理性对外投资大增,官方预计这一差额将近600亿美元。有人据此认为,中国已进入净输出阶段。笔者认为,这个判断是不符合实际的。

就中国的资本输出来看,尽管连续两年净输出,且2016年净输出比2015年要多出不少,但这不是中国资本输出真实情况的反映。首先,中国的资本输出刚刚起步,很多企业都是在不太熟悉和不太了解国外投资现状的情况匆匆做出对外投资决定的。因此,相当一部分投资效果不佳,甚至出现了比较严重的失误。尤其在实业投资方面,中国企业对外投资的能力更弱、把握性更小。

 其二,中国的对外投资存量与经济总量不匹配。数据显示,中国的GDP总量已经超过了美国的一半,而对外投资存量只有美国的1/5多,比经济总量远低于我国的英国、德国都低。即便出现连续几年净输出,也可能是暂时的情况。只有当中国的对外投资存量与经济总量基本匹配了,中国也才可能真正进入资本净输出阶段。

再者,近两年出现的资本净输出,与中国利用外交政策调整有一定关系。近年来,随着中国经济结构调整和转型步伐加快,特别是创新要求提升,中国在吸引外资方面也有了新的目标和条件、标准和要求,那些对中国转型升级没有明显作用,甚至会给中国污染防治、环境保护和能源消耗控制产生影响的低端制造、污染项目等,已经不再是中国吸引外资的目标。加上金融危机的冲击和影响,一些外资投资者也放慢了投资脚步。所以,利用外资的增长速度也出现了一定幅度的放慢,客观上也给资本净输出创造了条件,为资本从净输入转向净输出留下了空间。一旦外资适应了中国的吸引外资政策调整,中国的吸引外资水平还会提升,资本净输出的情况也将改变。

还应该看到,中国资本输出的结构还比较单一,尤其是实业投资、产业转移、资源运用等方面仍然比较薄弱,没有迈出实质性投资步伐。更多情况下,对外投资都聚集于房地产、娱乐、体育等领域,且都存在投资价格失常、失控、失真现象。在这样的情况下,对外投资的可靠性、真实性、有效性就存在问题,需要化解的矛盾也比较多。

中国已经进入资本输出阶段,这是不可改变的趋势。但必须注意的是,长期以来,中国企业发展容易陷入“一窝蜂”状态,在对外投资上也避免不了这样的现象。近两年对外投资速度很快,资本输出比较凶猛,与一些企业的盲目投资是分不开的。在这样的情况下,资本净输出就只能是一个参考值,而不能作为判断中国是否进入资本净输出阶段的依据。应当从中国资本输出的规模、结构、质量等入手,分析中国资本输出进入到了什么阶段。

基本的判断是,中国的资本输出正处于初级阶段,亦即了解情况、打牢基础、分析原因、掌握动态、提高能力、明确目标、选准方向、逐步加速阶段,而不能不顾一切地大规模对外投资。必须对对外投资和资本输出保持足够的警惕,加强对外投资的审核和评估,特别对房地产、娱乐、体育等方面的投资,需要严格控制、严格把关,进行可靠性、有效性、真实性审核,不符合条件的坚决不予投资,防止出现资本转移、财富转移现象。

(作者:谭浩俊 原标题:)

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