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法国当下主义历史观的兴起
2017-08-28 04:16:47 中国青年网
法国国家档案馆馆藏的法国大革命时期的档案
近几十年来,法国史学家将研究的重点从中世纪和近代早期转移到了当代,以更好地观察当代、回应社会需求。这种转移体现在当代史讲席和学生数量的增加上,同时也表现在课程设置上,例如将“当下史”单列为一门课程。1978年,法国当下史研究所创立后,“当下史”获得了合法性,得以列入大学教师资格认证和中学教师合格证书的考试大纲。瑟伊、午夜出版社推行的“当下史”丛书也在学界产生了广泛影响。这种专注当下的现象被法国史学理论家弗朗索瓦·阿尔托格称为当下主义。他在《历史性体制》一书中区分了三种历史观:古代以“历史乃生活之师”为训条,强调过去是无法超越的,因此关注的是王侯将相以及过去那些值得效仿的典范;近代从18世纪末开始,以未来为导向,强调过去终将被超越,这时流行的是进步史观;20世纪70年代起兴起的是以当下为中心的历史观,从关注未来过渡到当下——专注当下的情境、信念和行动,用现在的术语解释过去。
综观法国近几十年历史观的发展可知,当下主义的特征包括:第一,强调档案和谱系。随着科技的发展,人们认为,在数码时代,遗忘是例外,记忆才是常态,因此尝试用录音机和计算机等科技手段保存一切。档案数量的增长,促进了档案馆和博物馆的兴建、扩建。2013年1月21日,法国国家档案馆皮埃尔菲特分馆正式对外开放,该馆存放了法国大革命时期的大量档案和一些私人档案。微观史、日常生活史、系列史、历史人类学在此期间盛行,是因为人们能够利用口述、图画和影像档案资料,从当下追溯到谱系的起源。第二,多元空间分析。19世纪史学职业化的动力之一就是论证民族国家的合法性,政治家及其活动成了历史写作的重心。进入20世纪,由狂热的民族主义引起的纳粹大屠杀否定了线性进步的民族国家史观,跨区域和超国家的写作得以流行。当前的边疆史、移民史、全球史关注地方、家园、区域发展及其关联,就是试图解释人群、制度、物质、技术、观念与信仰的交流和碰撞。这时,民族国家不再是历史解释的唯一空间框架。第三,遗产保护的兴起。1980年是法国的“遗产年”,随后在法国的推动下,1984年起全欧洲确立每年九月第三个周末为“欧洲文化遗产日”。将过去的成就当作遗产来展示,容易激发当下的人们想象过去的样子,甚至有利于观众通过科技例如博物馆中的3D、“互动”来感受他们没有经历的过去。受科学家的启发,他们在保护文化遗产的同时还开展保护自然的环境运动。第四,最重要的是历史创伤对当下的持续影响,它排斥了线性史观和进步史观。法国纪录片导演克劳德·朗兹曼的《浩劫》主要就是讨论大屠杀对幸存者后来一系列事件的持续作用。
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