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美国贸易保护核武器"301条款"来了!日本心有余悸

2017-08-16 13:59:29   瞭望智库

在我国加入WTO之前,美国分别于1991年、1994年、1996年三次援引“特别301条款”,对中国发起“特别301调查”。

2001年我国加入WTO之后,美国劳工组织分别于2004年与2006年两次向美国贸易代表提起劳工标准“301调查”,但是遭到美国政府拒绝。美国国内产业组织和美国议员团体分别于2004年和2007年两次提起汇率“301调查”,也均遭到美国贸易代表办公室拒绝。

2008年金融危机之后,美国贸易保护主义势力抬头,美国试图更多地对中国切实运用“301调查”。2010年10月15日,美国贸易代表办公室根据美国钢铁工人协会提交的申请,决定对中国政府制定的一系列新能源政策与措施进行调查。为避免贸易制裁,我国与美国在WTO争端解决机制项下的磋商中达成一致,同意修改涉嫌禁止性补贴的相关内容。

这次,美国的“301条款”又来了,显得气势汹汹,因为它背后的操盘手是在美国贸易政策圈摸爬滚打了40年的“老油条”罗伯特·莱特希泽。

罗伯特·莱特希泽(图片来源:观察者网)

莱特希泽是出了名的贸易强硬派。早在1999年,莱特希泽就曾在《纽约时报》撰文,警告“中国加入世贸组织对美国来说是威胁”。长期以来他一直在指责美国政府在贸易问题上不断地对华让步,让中国长期保持巨额贸易顺差,致使美国多家工厂倒闭。

莱特希泽还是一名贸易现实主义者,他看待贸易的逻辑就是如果对方不给出相应的回报,那么美国也没有理由继续坚持单方面的自由贸易。

他曾在里根政府中担任贸易代表副职,任职期间处理了数十起贸易纠纷,其中就因挥舞“301条款”大棒打击日本而“一战成名”,同时他也是1985年推动日本签署《广场协议》的主要参与者之一,因此对挥舞“301条款”大棒驾轻就熟。

今年5月11日,美国国会参议院以82票赞成、14票反对的结果,通过了总统特朗普对罗伯特·莱特希泽出任美国贸易代表一职的提名。

当时的报道认为,这一提名的通过意味着特朗普政府很可能会颠覆美国政府近几十年来一直坚持的贸易政策,并在必要时终止进口。而莱特希泽也很可能会试图强迫中国以及其他竞争对手中止那些在特朗普看来不公平的贸易协定。

看来,从那时起,罗伯特·莱特希泽作为特朗普政府在贸易方面对付中国的棋子就被埋下了,这一招特朗普已经酝酿了很久。

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