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特朗普签署行政备忘录 美贸易代表将决定是否对中国展开贸易调查

2017-08-15 10:38:20   国际在线

国际在线报道(中国国际广播电台记者 赵新宇):美国总统特朗普14日在白宫签署一份行政备忘录,授权美国贸易代表审查所谓的“中国贸易行为”,包括中国在技术转让等知识产权领域的做法。分析认为,如果美方决定根据《1974年贸易法》条款单方面启动相关调查,不但会严重损害中美经贸关系,也将使美国处于进退维谷之地。

特朗普当天在签署行政备忘录前发表讲话说,他指示美国贸易代表莱特希泽检查中国在政策、实际行动中是否存在与知识产权相关的所谓不公平贸易行为,以决定是否需要根据《1974年贸易法》进行调查,“贸易代表莱特希泽,你有权考虑所有可以动用的选项。我们将保护版权、专利、商标、商业秘密和所有对我们的安全和繁荣至关重要的知识产权。”

《1974年贸易法》中针对贸易自由化和知识产权保护的内容分别被称为“超级301条款”和“特殊301条款”。 当美国贸易代表办公室(USTR)确认某贸易伙伴的某项政策违反贸易协定,或被美国单方认定为不公平、不公正或不合理时,即可启动单边性、强制性的报复措施,报复手段包括中止贸易协定、关税等进口限制、取消免税待遇和强迫签订协议等。

如果美国贸易代表莱特希泽决定进行调查,预计调查将需要约一年时间。美国战略与国际研究中心高级顾问古德曼表示,“我认为,虽然使用这一特殊贸易手段并不新鲜,但如果使用的话,这就是多年来的第一次,美国也会更加咄咄逼人。可能导致对从中国进口商品实施新的限制措施,这会在世界贸易组织条款下造成问题。如果发生这样的结果,中国会在世界贸易组织对美国发起挑战。”

过去20年,美国政府很少动用《1974年贸易法》的301条款采取单边行动解决贸易争端。如果美国启动调查,无疑会违背世界贸易组织精神。而如果美国认定中国在追求不公平的贸易做法,那么接下来美国会陷入两难境地。因为复杂的全球价值链使美国跨国企业,以及美国盟友,比如日本、韩国的跨国企业在中国出口美国的商品中获取了很大的附加值,对华实施制裁,将殃及美国及其盟友。布鲁金斯学会资深研究员杜大伟表示,“以加征45%进口关税来教训中国可能听上去很精明,而事实上这样做会以伤害很多我们自己的企业、工人,以及我们的盟友为结束。 对中国强硬更难,因为中国会进行报复,即便美国对中国的出口少于中国对美的出口,中国仍将报复美国的苛刻举动。”

中国外交部发言人华春莹14日表示,中国政府一直高度重视知识产权保护,取得的成效有目共睹。在中美利益相互交融日深,已经形成你中有我、我中有你的紧密格局下,打贸易战没有前途,没有赢家,只会双输。

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