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美国贸易保护核武器"301条款"来了!日本心有余悸

2017-08-16 13:59:29   瞭望智库

在2000年,WTO的一个专家小组更是作出裁决,驳回欧盟要求美国取消“301条款”的上诉,从而更赋予了这个法规合法性。

此后美国也是动辄就用“301条款”挑起贸易战,为美国成功开拓海外市场和捞取贸易好处方面起到不可替代的作用。在美欧“香蕉战”、“牛肉战”和“钢铁战”,以及日美“汽车战”、中美知识产权谈判等举世瞩目的贸易争端中,美国都能用这项条款让与之交锋的大国头疼不已,效果非常明显,而小国面对“301条款”时,一般都会迫于无奈而选择破财免灾。

(图片来源于网络)

被“301条款”坑得最惨的要数日本,对于日本来说,这真的是“核武器”!

上世纪八九十年代,面对市场遭到日本“肆无忌惮”的蚕食,美国祭出大杀器—“301条款”——

1989年,美国贸易代表办公室认为日本在计算机、卫星、林产品方面封闭市场,与之展开18个月的外交协商,最终迫使日本开放相应的国内市场。1994年超级301条款再次启用,对日本产品进入美国征收惩罚性关税,贸易制裁措施延至1997年。

日本在出口被封堵的情况下,实行了错误的国内政策,导致国内地产和股市泡沫化,最终在90年代初破灭。

所以有人认为,美国当年对日本发起的“301条款”调查及最终结果是日本30年经济停滞的外部原因之一。

也就是说,美国是因为“受了欺负”而推出了“301条款”,并首先拿欧共体的小伙伴祭了旗,效果良好,之后“301条款”便成为美国攫取海外贸易利益,维护经济霸权的有效工具,纯粹是拿来欺负人了。

3,酝酿

那历史上,美国有没有对中国动用过“301条款”呢?

必然动用过!

中国作为美国第一大贸易逆差来源国,始终是美国贸易调查的重点监测对象。美国频繁使用“反倾销”、“反补贴”、“双反”、“337调查”、“特保”等贸易手段,就更不用说“301条款”了。

1991年,美国在“301条款”项下首次设立了一个知识产权保护“黑名单”,中国就排在“黑名单”的首位。到今年4月27日,美国贸易代表办公室发布了2016年《特别301报告》,其优先观察名单中中国依旧赫然在列,这已是中国第27次被纳入“黑名单”了。所以,美国是时时刻刻都“盯着”我们,时刻准备对我们动用“301条款”——

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