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美国贸易保护核武器"301条款"来了!日本心有余悸

2017-08-16 13:59:29   瞭望智库

美国国会通过《1962年贸易扩展法》授权美国总统面对他国不公平贸易待遇时,可以对他国进行反击。美国总统肯尼迪随即宣布从1964年起,美国对从欧共体国家进口的马铃薯、卡车等商品收重税,高效而且迅速地给了欧共体一个漂亮回击!

这下换欧洲人忧伤了,因为当时“二战”后的欧洲还处在工业、农业的恢复阶段,跟美国强大而高效的工业、农业体系是没法比的,美国的重税无疑阻塞了欧洲工农业产品进入美国市场,这样耗下去,欧洲人显然承受不起,于是只得和解。

1964年5月,为了结束“贸易战”,美国总统肯尼迪在瑞士日内瓦跟欧共体国家召开和解大会,美国以降低37%平均关税的代价换取欧洲降35%平均关税。

从数字上看,美国仿佛做了巨大的让步,但真实的情况却是欧共体吃了“哑巴亏”,因为当时欧美经济状况根本不在一个层次,欧共体国家与美国工农业生产效率和出口情况还是有一定差距的,但关税却降得基本一样。

依靠自己的经济强势地位,用“贸易恐吓”来维护自身的经济霸权,逼迫对手就范,美国从这次“贸易战”中尝到了甜头。再加上1971年美国货物贸易由顺差转为逆差,国内受进口冲击的产业向国会和政府施加压力以保护国内市场,于是在此后,美国将之前用来对付欧共体的手段不断完善,体系化,使之变得更加成熟,更有攻击性。这种打击对手的手段在《1974年贸易法》中被写进了第301条,所以就有了“301条款”。

美国货物贸易差额(亿美元)(图片来源:兴业研究)

“301条款”规定,美国总统能够单方面实施关税或其它贸易限制,以保护本国产业免受其他国家“不公平贸易做法”的损害,例如违反贸易协定或者增加美国企业负担的“差别对待”等行为。

看起来义正言辞,维护自身利益,可问题的关键却是“301条款”的启动完全由美国人自己说了算,没有任何制约机构,他说自己受了不公平待遇,就是不公平待遇,立马就要挥舞“经济制裁”大棒,其他国家连辩解的机会都没有。

之后事情的发展也确实是这样,欧盟、日本、中国、加拿大、印度、巴西、乌拉圭……无论贸易大国还是小国都领教过“301条款”,连WTO都拿美国的这项法规没办法,美国不但拒绝取消这项与WTO规则相抵触并广受谴责的法规,反而予以加强。

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