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59.自20世纪70年代起,菲律宾先后以武力侵占中国南沙群岛部分岛礁,并提出非法领土要求。1970年8月和9月,菲律宾非法侵占马欢岛和费信岛;1971年4月,菲律宾非法侵占南钥岛和中业岛;1971年7月,菲律宾非法侵占西月岛和北子岛;1978年3月和1980年7月,菲律宾非法侵占双黄沙洲和司令礁。1978年6月,菲律宾总统马科斯签署第1596号总统令,将中国南沙群岛部分岛礁并连同周边大范围海域称为“卡拉延岛群”(“卡拉延”在他加禄语中意为“自由”),划设“卡拉延镇区”,非法列入菲律宾领土范围。
60.菲律宾还通过一系列国内立法,提出了自己的领海、专属经济区和大陆架等主张。其中部分与中国在南海的海洋权益产生冲突。
61.菲律宾为掩盖其非法侵占中国南沙群岛部分岛礁的事实,实现其领土扩张的野心,炮制了一系列借口,包括:“卡拉延岛群”不属于南沙群岛,是“无主地”;南沙群岛在二战后是“托管地”;菲律宾占领南沙群岛是依据“地理邻近”和出于“国家安全”需要;“南沙群岛部分岛礁位于菲律宾专属经济区和大陆架上”;菲律宾“有效控制”有关岛礁已成为不能改变的“现状”等。
(二)菲律宾的非法主张毫无历史和法理依据
62.从历史和国际法看,菲律宾对南沙群岛部分岛礁的领土主张毫无根据。
63.第一,南沙群岛从来不是菲律宾领土的组成部分。菲律宾的领土范围已由一系列国际条约所确定。对此,菲律宾当时的统治者美国是非常清楚的。1933年8月12日,美属菲律宾前参议员陆雷彝致信美国驻菲律宾总督墨菲,试图以地理邻近为由主张一些南沙岛屿构成菲律宾群岛一部分。有关信件被转交美国陆军部和国务院处理。1933年10月9日,美国国务卿复信称,“这些岛屿……远在1898年从西班牙获得的菲律宾群岛的界限之外”。1935年5月,美国陆军部长邓恩致函国务卿赫尔,请求国务院就菲律宾对南沙群岛部分岛屿提出领土要求的“合法性和适当性”发表意见。美国国务院历史顾问办公室一份由博格斯等签署的备忘录指出,“显然,美国毫无根据主张有关岛屿构成菲律宾群岛的一部分。”8月20日,美国国务卿赫尔复函美国陆军部长邓恩称,“美国依据1898年条约从西班牙获得的菲律宾群岛的岛屿仅限于第三条规定的界限以内”,同时关于南沙群岛有关岛屿,“需要指出的是,没有任何迹象显示西班牙曾对这些岛屿中的任何一个行使主权或提出主张”。这些文件证明,菲律宾领土从来不包括南海诸岛,这一事实为包括美国在内的国际社会所承认。
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