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人民币单日疾贬近1% 央妈刚教训完空头 又来教训多头?

2017-09-12 07:48:24   中国经济网

2015年8月31日,央行下发银发[2015]273号文,提出要对金融机构的远期售汇业务收取20%的外汇风险准备金,冻结一年,无息。当时的背景是,人民币对美元处于贬值趋势,贬值预期较浓,企业持汇或购汇动力较强。央行发布此项规定,间接提高了企业的远期购汇成本,有助抑制人民币做空与跨境套利。但人民币在今年一直处于升值的趋势,尤其是近期升值势头十分迅猛。在这样一个背景下,央行调降外汇风险准备金率,其目的不言而喻——打断人民币的持续升值趋势,不让人民币升值预期过度膨胀。

至于中间价调升幅度不及预期,一些外汇分析人士猜测,应是逆周期因子在起作用。

今年二季度,人民币兑美元汇率中间价报价机制进一步完善,在原有“收盘价+一篮子货币汇率变化”的报价模型中加入“逆周期因子”。央行称,在中间价报价模型中引入“逆周期因子”,可通过校正外汇市场的顺周期性,防止人民币汇率单方面出现超调。

有外汇市场人士表示:

二季度引入逆周期因子的目的是避免贬值预期‘拖累’人民币升值,但现在逆周期因子要起到的作用是想‘拖累’人民币升值。

央妈为什么要这样做?

原因其实很明显,人民币预期似乎正在走向过去几年的对立面,最近企业结汇大量增加,叠加银行交易盘的作用,导致人民币升值有些“失控”。

德国商业银行周浩表示,当前如果不对市场进行一定的管理,人民币将继续走强,但从宏观上而言,这似乎并不完全是一件好事。

中金公司等机构指出,结汇需求强+央行不干预=人民币快速升值,过去一段时间,央行对人民币汇率走势主要采取不干预的做法,表现在于人民币对美元升值,但外汇占款(央行购买外汇形成的人民币投放)变化不大,但如果人民币升值过快,可能会引发监管对汇率偏强抑制出口的担忧,最终将促使央行加大干预力度,比如加大从市场购买外汇或者放松之前一些为稳定人民币汇率预期而采取的管制措施。

外汇市场资深分析人士韩会师称:

人民币过快升值并非一定是好事,选择此时逐渐撤回2015年8月开始不断加强的针对购汇的监管措施,可能说明人民币持续走强已引起监管当局的重视。

压低斜率而不是改变方向

回到最初的问题,刚教训完空头,又来教训多头了?央妈“变脸”,是不希望看到人民币升值吗?

其实,央妈已经在货币政策报告“逆周期因子”专栏中进行了说明。

央行表示:

引入“逆周期因子”不会改变外汇供求的趋势和方向,只是适当过滤了外汇市场的“羊群效应”,并非逆市场而行,而是在尊重市场的前提下促进市场行为更加理性。言下之意,央行基本认同市场供求因素决定的趋势和方向,对阶段性升值或贬值看得比较淡,但不希望“熊孩子”做得太过火,不希望走势过于单边、升贬值过于剧烈。

另外,要看到今年人民币对美元升值的最大背景,是美元“弱爆了”。美元若维持弱势,人民币对美元表现强势仍可能是大概率事件。

在从103跌到91附近之后,美元指数继续下跌的空间可能在收窄,继续大幅看空美元和看多欧元也不太合适。但美联储在9月加息概率寥寥无几,甚至12月加息的概率也已经明显下降,美元要恢复强势何其难。何况人民币汇率预期已出现明显变化。靠一两项政策就重新扭转预期的可能性也不大。

年内来看,人民币对美元可能仍将保持相对强势,但涨势可能放缓,双向波动可能加大,而全年恢复升值已是板上钉钉。

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