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两股力量支撑人民币强势

2017-09-11 08:52:39   中国经济网

中国人民银行7日公布的数据显示,8月末我国外汇储备为30915亿美元,较7月末上升108亿美元,为连续7个月回升。与此同时,人民币对美元近期一直呈现上涨之势,最新已突破6.5。显然,今年以来人民币走势大大出乎去年下半年社会各界的一致预期。有两股力量造成了这种局面:

第一个因素是美元贬值。从上半年人民币对美元走稳,到最近3个月对美元急升,人民币在8个月时间内累计升值了7%左右,但同期对另一主要货币欧元却维持贬值走势,对其它货币也大多如此,这反映为人民币加权汇率从年初至今还稍有走软。CFETS人民币汇率指数1月6日为95.25,近期虽有较大反弹,但9月1日仍停留在94.42。由此可见,最近几个月来人民币的强劲走势,美元贬值是主要原因。

第二个因素是外汇管制。今年以来,针对民营企业对外投资,有关部门加大了监管的力度。不论是企业还是居民,将人民币资产转换成外币资产并移往境外的实际难度都增加了不少。而去年全年之所以同时发生人民币贬值和外储减少,就是因为企业和居民换汇并移往境外十分活跃。

去年人民币贬值行情中,市场爆发了是“保外储”还是“保汇率”的争论。在我看来,这种“二选一”讨论简直不知所云,在汇率和外储问题上,我们面临的实质问题是:要不要让汇率更自由浮动,要不要让资本流动更自由。

外储真正的功能应该是防止对货币的投机性攻击,而应对短期投机性攻击,不要说3万亿美元,就是1万亿美元甚至5000亿美元也足矣。如果汇率贬值的根源在于基本面失衡,再多的外储也无能为力。还有人出于人民币国际化的角度,认为要保持较高数量的外储,这就更是错得离谱,因为外储是一种保险,积累外储恰恰是因为本国货币脆弱,本币为国际货币的国家,理论上是0外储的。

人民币汇率未来的走势,仍然取决于美元走势和外汇管制政策变动情况,特别是后者。纯粹从基本面上看,人民币没有升值基础。汇率决定有三大理论:购买力平价理论、相对货币量理论和资产收益理论,不论是商品价格(间接反映购买力)还是资产内在回报,都取决于货币量,所以百川归海,货币量理论可以解释一切。

过去十多年货币过量发行,是今天人民币贬值压力的基础,而由于过量货币主要不是推高商品价格而是推高资产价格,这导致资产(特别是房产)内在回报率降到极低,这才是今天资本外流的真正原因。仅仅盯着经常项目收支,进而断定人民币汇率基础稳固,这是没有理解货币与汇率之间逻辑关系在中国的特殊表现形式。所以,纯粹由基本面决定的汇率到底是多少,必须排除政策面干扰,在资本完全自由流动下才能发现。尽管这只是理想状态,却是分析中跳不过去的一个环节。

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