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钮文新:人民币不能“好升恶贬”

2017-09-11 20:48:23   中国经济网

文| CCTV证券资讯频道总编辑 钮文新

见习编辑:蒋莉莉

(本文刊发于《中国经济周刊》2017年第36期)

人民币“好升恶贬”是2005年以来的常态,但这样的常态不可持续。

理论上说,在开放前提下,货币对外升值本身就意味着对内紧缩。所以,在中国对外保持不断扩大开放的条件下,人民币没有理由长期贬值,同样也没有理由长期升值,舆论更不应当存在“好升恶贬”的惯性心态。就目前而言,我不认为中国经济适合长期坚持人民币升值,因为长期人民币高利率会严厉压制内需,并导致经济下行压力周而复始。

人民币升值往往伴随着货币市场利率的不断上涨。如果说“货币市场利率的上涨没有传导给存贷款基准利率”,那不是市场的作用,而是存贷款基准利率受到管制的问题。管住存贷款基准利率,货币市场利率是否就不会向企业贷款利率传导?显然不是。

在管住存贷款基准利率和存款利率上限的情况下,推高货币市场利率,其结果是商业银行稳定而廉价的存款被货币市场基金攫取。央行数据显示,2017年6月底至7月底,商业银行居民个人存款规模下降了7700亿元。同时,货币基金总规模从5.11万亿元上升至5.86万亿元,大幅增长7516.87亿元,同期,为了弥补流动性不足,商业银行同业存款增加7400亿元。

由此可知,商业银行损失的居民存款、货币基金增加的规模,以及商业银行为弥补流动性而吸收的同业存款,三者大致相等。这说明,商业银行的负债成本是由同业存款决定;压缩同业存款不可能实现,一时压下也会强力反弹,前段时间被压缩的同业存款现在已回弹到原位。

更重要的是,这种“掩耳盗铃的机制”不改,中国金融短期化趋势无法结束。证监会正在通过建立新的规则,约束货币基金爆炸式增长。但如果不去除利益机制的引诱,就算有新规,恐怕也难逃市场主体想方设法绕过监管,难以避免事倍功半的结果。

许多人认为中国货币政策不紧且流动性过剩,笔者当然也看到163万亿元的M2数据。但是,货币数量多并不意味着企业所得到的资本多,163万亿元的M2支撑着越发庞大的货币市场,而资本市场却在不断萎缩。比如,整个股市、债市交易保证金规模不过1.3万亿元,而货币基金规模高达5.86万亿元,余额宝一只货币基金规模就达1.47万亿元,超过股市、债市交易保证金的合计规模。这样的金融结构是否符合服务实体经济的要求?

我们说,货币的强弱在于国际贸易的计价和结算,而不在于升值或贬值。所以,中国的货币政策必须依据国内经济需求去制定。我们需要的是:在适度拉动总需求的前提下,加大供给侧结构性改革力度。尽管重点在供给侧结构性改革,但绝不能以此取代“适度拉动总需求”的必要性。

因此,我们必须有效控制利率,不能因为人民币升值而拉高利率,否则将导致人民币更为深刻和长远的贬值预期。今年政府为企业带来1万亿元的成本降低,但只要贷款利率上升1个百分点,政府的努力就将被对冲。所以,降成本不只是财政的事情,金融也应当负责。努力降低企业财务成本要比财政减税效率更高、见效更快。

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