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人民币对美元中间价10连升 专家:维稳汇率仍面挑战
2017-09-10 07:42:38 中国经济网
一是国内经济仍有下行压力。今年以来国内经济有所好转,除了周期性因素影响外,主要还是依赖固定资产尤其是基础设施和房地产投资增长的拉动。1-7月份,全国固定资产投资同比增长8.3%,增速比上半年回落0.3个百分点。其中,基础设施投资同比增长20.9%,比去年同期提高1.3个百分点,占全部投资的比重为21.4%,对全部投资增长的贡献率为48.4%,拉动投资增长4个百分点;制造业投资同比增长4.8%,增速比上半年回落0.7个百分点,比去年同期提高1.8个百分点;制造业对全部投资增长的贡献率为18.5%,房地产开发投资增长7.9%,比上半年也有所放缓,但比去年同期有所提高。
经济增长的内生动力不强,单纯依赖投资拉动的经济增长是不可持续的,而且,投资增速对GDP拉动的作用也是有限的。预计受到货币政策趋紧、越来越趋严的房地产调控政策,以及强监管、去杠杠政策环境和资本外流等因素的影响,国内经济仍有一定的下行压力。
二是货币政策在稳增长与去杠杠之间寻求平衡。受外汇占款逐年下降等因素影响,基础货币投放主渠道发生了相应的变化,由原先的外汇占款投放基础货币转向更多通过公开市场逆回购、中期借贷便利、常备借贷便利、抵押补充贷款等工具提供不同期限流动性。外汇占款从2014年5月的27.3万亿元下降到2017年7月的21.5万亿元,连续21个月出现下降,相应地基础货币投放减少5.8万亿元。2015年以来,人民银行主要通过中期借贷便利和抵押补充贷款等工具增加基础货币投放,上述流动性增加会直接增加基础货币总量,导致基础货币增长加快。从季度变化看,基础货币余额自2015年9月起连续出现4个季度的下行,其中,2015年四季度基础货币同比下降6.0%。2016年3季度开始,基础货币余额又有所回升,今年1季度同比增加了6.71%,基础货币余额达30.2万亿元。6月末,基础货币为30.4万亿元,较年初减少3048亿元。进一步灵活运用多种货币政策工具组合,保持流动性总体稳定,在稳增长和去杠杠之间寻求更好的平衡,防范资产泡沫,抑制系统性金融风险的积聚,推动供给侧结构性改革的顺利进行是一项严峻的挑战。
三是资本外流压力与资本管理可持续性。年初以来,资本外流出现一些好转,但资本外流还存在一定的压力,主要是基于以下因素:“一顺一逆”,即经常项目顺差、资本项目逆差将成为我国国际收支“新常态”。我国对外直接投资已从2016年起超越了外商来华直接投资,成为资本输出国。随着“一带一路”和国际产能合作的推进,海外资产配置的逐步扩大,预计2017年对外投资仍将保持一定增长,ODI还会继续高于FDI,直接投资仍将保持净流出;金融机构对外债务和证券投资攀升,资本市场对外开放加大,对外证券投资净流出继续保持增长,贷款、贸易信贷、其他资产等其他投资项下也将保持净流出态势。
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