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货币乘数逆势上扬的动力与前景

2017-09-09 07:11:44   中国经济网

根据央行“总资产=总负债”的会计恒等式,资产项中占比较大的某一子项下降,都会对基础货币造成同向的变化,负债项中占比较大的任何子项上升,都会使基础货币余额造成反向的变化。显然,今年年初以来,资产项中外汇(统计上又称之为基础货币中“外汇占款”)大幅下降,是基础货币下降的重要原因之一。在过去十余年中,央行总资产中外汇资产扩张占比一度高达80%以上,而2015年以后,外汇占款停止扩张进入下行通道,这也成为央行总资产暂停扩张步伐的重要原因。今年1月份-7月份,央行基础货币中外汇占款余额下降了4319亿元,而基础货币收缩幅度达到了9881亿元,基础货币中外汇占款的收缩占比接近50%左右。

从央行资产负债表中负债项看,占比较大的政府存款大幅增加,也是基础货币被动收缩的重要原因。从理论上讲,政府存款作为央行负债类项目,与基础货币呈反向波动,政府存款增加意味着商业银行存款减少,基础货币相应减少,反之则相反。由此,政府存款某种意义上扮演着市场流动性的回收工具。今年1月-7月份,央行负债中政府存款余额从25062亿上升到38443亿元,扩张幅度达13381亿元,超过了央行基础货币收缩总规模9881亿元。

当然,从数据上看央行资产项中“对其他存款性金融机构债权”的扩张,很大程度上对冲了外汇占款下降、政府存款急剧扩张对基础货币带来的负面影响。“对其他存款性金融机构债权”即为近年来央行创造的新型基础货币投放工具,央行通过MLF、PSL、SLF等创新流动性工具,向商业银行提供再贷款,替代以外汇占款为主导的基础货币投放渠道。今年1月份-7月份“对其他存款性金融机构债权”由8.47万亿元攀升至9.14万亿元,扩张幅度达6700亿元。

M2、基础货币和货币乘数的前景

关于M2的增长前景,在金融强监管影响下,影响M2增长的三大关键性指标M1(以企业和居民活期存款为主)、定期存款(企业和居民定期存款)和非银行金融机构存款增速都出现了不同程度下降,但下降幅度最大的无疑是非银行金融机构存款,这也是M2增速屡创新低并于7月份环比出现了净萎缩的主要原因。随着金融监管措施密集出台阶段的结束,预计下半年M2增速下行趋势将有所缓和,全年M2增速也将保持在9%左右。

关于基础货币的前景,如前文所述,基础货币的波动主要受外汇占款、政府存款、对其他存款性公司债权的影响。随着人民币汇率稳中趋升,企业和居民换汇需求将减弱,外汇占款将更可能呈现双向波动态势,其对基础货币的下拉作用也将缓解。与此同时,随着下半年财政预算支出的执行,政府存款规模也将下降,加上央行在公开市场操作、MLF等再贷款恢复净投放,这三方面因素都将成为稳定基础货币供给的正能量。

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