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破解地方债务:将地方政府的金融配置权收回中央

2017-08-14 17:03:19   央广网

自1994年分税制以来,中央和地方的财政关系虽有所调整,但基本格局还是“中央财政在收入中应该占大部分、在支出中占小部分,这样他才有能力去调节地区之间的不平衡,才有能力去调控”(《朱镕基讲话实录》)。截至2016年底,中央财政的收入占比虽已降至45.4%,但地方财政支出比重依然在85%以上,地方财政支出比重超出收入比重的差距还在扩大。恰恰就是这个收支缺口让地方政府总觉得资金不够,这里面既有地方经济增长竞赛的问题,也有地方财政自主权内生追求的问题,即“有钱才好办事”,而中央对地方税收返还和转移支付收入是由严格预算制度管着的,所以一旦获得了翘盼已久的金融配置权(“利”),又有稳增长的宏观任务(“名”),在“名利双收”之下,地方债务的野蛮生长就再自然不过。

地方债务问题还揭示了一个经济道理,那就是“金融吃饭,财政买单”。

中央把金融资源配置权下放给了地方的一个结果是形成了一轮金融扩张。2009年至2010年地方融资平台融资的失控(货币供给并行失控),2010年刺激计划结束后,中央对地方政府融资平台态度逆转,前期形成的债务信用关系要维系,出现了理财、表外、通道和同业等形式的“影子银行”扩张,由于此种金融扩张的源头来自地方政府对金融资源配置权的滥用,出现了“打断骨头连着筋”,“信用刚兑”始终无法按照市场规则打破(地方政府维系其自身信用链条不断裂),潜在风险持续“滚雪球”,进而导致潜在系统性风险的积累,这时地方政府的金融行为就已经转化为中央政府的债务责任。所以此次地方债务问题再次揭示了一个朴素的道理:政府在金融领域任何投机取巧的想法,最终都的自己买单。如果这种取巧能够带来经济增长,那么事后买单还是划算的,反之就只能徒增风险。

怎么化解地方债务风险呢?

有了上述三个认识:①“地方债务是‘头牛’,牛的主人是中央政府”;②“中央和地方始终存在‘草料之争’”;③“地方债务实质是‘金融吃饭,财政买单’”。化解策略无非也是由表及里的逐层推进:

首先,将散落在地方政府手中的金融配置权,尽快地再次集中回中央政府。道理很简单,政府债务行为某种程度上就是货币信用创造过程,这个创造只能由中央政府在满足严格约束条件下实施,否则对金融乱象的所有监管均将是“牛栏关猫”。

其次,对于地方政府的举债行为,虽然目前已经出台一系列规章制度,但还需明确地方债务的最终偿债人是中央政府,此点既是中央政府对地方债务管理的法理依据,也是对中央在债务管理上的要求。

最后,就是中央与地方的财政关系,由于中国的实际国情决定了“草料之争”必将长久存在,那么在对中央和地方关系(财权和事权)进行技术调整时,是否需要对草料(政府广义收入)进行重新分配,就不仅仅是财政一家的事了,需要综合平衡

由于地方债务不仅是“灰犀牛”,还是只“头牛”,所以围绕它的问题基本都是“老生常谈”,不过表现形式确实是“千变万化”,其中某些问题不是我们“视而不见”,实在是因为“投鼠忌器”。因此,化解过程一定是长期的,期间不光有“胆”,还需要有“识”,更需要“耐心”

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