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二、“去产能”扩大化的本质——刀刃向外、层层加码的供给管理措施
“去产能”这样的供给侧管理政策如果不偏离其初衷,还是有一定的积极意义的。例如,“僵尸企业”往往是依赖银行贷款,甚至是政府补贴生存,其生产的产品靠市场力量消化不掉,却还在不停消耗社会资源。2015年提出的“去产能”措施,最初是针对如何去过剩产能让这些“僵尸企业”退出市场,从而释放其占用的生产要素,让市场在资源配置中发挥决定性作用,对提高经济活力是有好处的。但是,由于供给侧管理在全球经济学体系中都没有系统的理论支持,也缺少非计划经济的实践经验,因此从理论和实践的角度,“供给侧管理”一不小心就容易与计划思维、行政手段相联系。不少地方政府和管理部门过度依赖行政手段 “去产能”,通过做计划、定指标、下文件等强迫命令的办法“去产能”,或者通过层层加码的各项非经济标准和手段推进“去产能”,造成了“去产能”扩大化。 例如某省为了表决心,提出要把钢铁煤炭去产能作为“标志性战役”,严格落实环保、能耗、水耗、质量、技术、安全等6类严于国家的地方标准来推进“去产能”。国家的标准是经过科学论证的,省级政府为了向上级表决心,制定了更严格的标准;地市级政府为了向省政府表决心,也提高标准;县级、镇级层层效仿,层层加码……如此“去产能”怎么会不扩大化?怎么会不搞成“运动”呢?难怪某些地方老百姓反映,大量完全合法合规、环保达标的工厂也被勒令停产,连养猪场都被关闭,养的鸡鸭也被抓了——如果让群众认为这就是“供给侧改革”,显然与“供给侧改革”的初衷越来越远。事实上,无论是什么侧、什么性的改革,只要不是针对经济体制自身的改革,不是改革生产关系中不适应生产力发展的部分,不改革政府管理经济的方式并让市场发挥决定性作用,都不是真正的改革。从经济政策本质上来说,“去产能”政策只不过是一种供给侧管理措施,属于结构调整或“计划调控”范畴。供给侧或需求侧的调控措施,对保障经济平稳运行虽然也有一定必要性,但无论供给侧还是需求侧的“调控”,都不属于“改革”范畴。如果把“去产能”,甚至扩大化的“去产能”这样的供给侧管理当作供给侧改革,而不触及经济体制和生产关系层面的问题,一方面会造成严重的市场扭曲和利益再分配,另一方面,也转移了改革的视线和方向。这不但给那些不想改革的人拖延改革的借口,还引起了各界对改革的疑虑,让市场和学界认为,所谓供给侧改革实际上就是政府伸手干预企业,或像某知名学者所说“我们是不是遇上了一个假的供给侧改革?”
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