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供给侧改革要正确处理政府与市场关系
2017-08-25 08:17:48 中国青年网
在当前推进供给侧结构性改革的背景下,如何处理政府与市场的关系事关改革的成败。因此,我国推进供给侧改革,既要发挥市场在资源配置中的决定性作用,又要更好发挥政府作用。
在推进供给侧结构性改革的过程中,在处理市场与政府的关系问题时,绝对不能将西方的资产阶级经济学的理论观点和政策主张拿来便用。必须避免两大误区:一是将我国供给侧结构性改革混同于西方的供给学派,推行完全市场化、完全私有化、完全去政府化的新自由主义做法。二是把凯恩斯主义经济学作为指导我国研究社会主义市场经济中政府与市场关系的理论基础,注重需求端的宏观经济调控,而忽略供给端的作用;注重数量上的调控,而忽略需求与供给的结构性调控。
马克思主义经济学认为,社会劳动或资源在社会生产各部门的按比例分配,是任何社会资源配置的一般规律。在资本主义市场经济条件下,这一规律主要是通过价值规律的作用实现的。而在比资本主义社会更高生产阶段,这一规律将会具有全新的表现形式。当前尚处于社会主义初级阶段的中国经济的现实选择是发展社会主义市场经济,“使市场在资源配置中起决定性作用和更好发挥政府作用,二者是有机统一的,不是相互否定的,不能把二者割裂开来、对立起来”。
供给侧结构性改革的去产能、去库存、去杠杆、降成本、补短板五大任务,既离不开市场在资源配置中的决定性作用,也更加离不开更好发挥政府作用。我们可以充分利用市场在资源配置中的灵活性、效率性、有效性,来调动微观经济主体的积极性。同时,我们绝对不能忽视市场调节功能的滞后性、自发性所带来的短缺与过剩交替出现,需求供给不均衡的现象。如果完全依靠市场自发调节供求关系,而没有政府的作用,一定会出现严重的产能过剩、企业破产、工人失业及严重社会问题。同时,以利润最大化为目标的一些厂商也会使制假售假泛滥,不能形成有效的供给,消费者就会以购买国外商品来替代对国内商品的需求,使供求结构性严重失衡。因此,在推动供给侧结构性改革的背景下,我们需要“更好发挥政府作用”。
更好地发挥政府的作用主要体现在如下三个方面:一是政府充当“守夜人”为市场在资源配置中发挥决定性作用的提供重要保障;二是政府弥补市场失灵,发挥微观调节作用和宏观调控作用;三是政府在特定领域发挥资源配置功能;四是中国政府作为社会主义国家政府所特有的职能,即制定国民经济发展规划、政府直接投资国有企业和通过国有企业引导整个国民经济沿着社会主义科学轨道向前发展的功能。
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