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“中古文章学”发微

2017-08-21 05:16:27   中国青年网

以上自《神思》至《熔裁》七篇即“心总要术”之要(文要),术系于要,故《熔裁》又下启《声律》至《指瑕》九篇,以“望今制奇”而“参古定法”为要旨,论各种文术之运用务必得中合度而体要,是即《序志》所谓“阅声字”;更以《养气》《附会》《总术》三篇总束之以呼应论文要七篇。如此总而分,分而合,系统地阐释了文学创作以成心为主体,将心物对待的创作冲动(直觉)转化为个性化的意辞互摄以呈象见意的语言活动,并终于产生“三十辐共一毂”、情采彪炳的文本这一内在理路。这一文本因此似“骥足虽骏,纆牵忌长,以万分一累,且废千里”,是一个牵一发动全身而苞情含风的语言组织,这不能不令人想起英国人贝尔关于作品是一个“有意味的形式”的命题。20世纪中叶,境内学界受苏联清算形式主义的影响,普遍以“形式主义”贬称六朝文学,可称是“歪打正着”。

然而彦和心目中意辞互摄的文章,虽具有相对的自足性,却更在两个维度上具有开放性,从而体现出中古文章学语言形式批评的民族性格。《序志》将作者“割情析采,笼圈条贯”的功夫归纳为“摛神性,图风势,苞会通,阅声字”后,即接云“崇替于《时序》”,而《时序》领《物色》,二篇正居创作论十九篇后。这样就呼应上篇,将作者以成心为主体的语言活动置于纵向的文体(文风落实于文体)崇替与横向的时代风会之交汇点上(《物色》下《才略》《知音》《程器》三篇为有感而发的余论,性质近乎批评论,此不赘)。《时序》称“文变染乎世情,兴废系乎时序”,说的是文章十代九变,因于世情之变化(时变)而呈现为一种演进序列,而《物色》更进一步发明作者“情往似赠,兴来如答”之特定情境下的个性化创作,正是“文变”“崇替”的原动力。所谓“异代接武,莫不参伍以相变,因革以为功,物色尽而意有余者,晓会通也”,揭明了一种事实:无论自觉与否,主于成心的作者的创作活动,都是对文体的因乎时、染乎世的承中有革,这是彦和文学史观的核心。而参以《体性》所说“才有天资,学慎始习,斫梓染丝,功在初化”观之,就认识论而言,实与当代发生认识论暗合。作者童年时的习学会影响其最初的创作倾向(认识图式),它一方面对其一生有不可磨灭的影响,另一方面,因其处于传统与时风的交汇点上,而在情境化的创作中,自觉不自觉地参与了会通古今,异代接武,参伍因革的文学之世变,自然也积渐地改变着原初的创作倾向。这种观念,不仅为我们提供了考察作家文风演变的着眼点,更为解答学术界聚讼既久的“外部因素如何转化为文本内涵”问题提供了答案。这种转化的中介,就是“成心”。作者通过学、习,将诸多外部因素(可总称为一时之文化)融入其先天禀赋的才(智质)、气(气质),使之化为成心的有机成分——已被才气个性化的有机成分,是为前创作阶段的潜识与潜能;一旦物我相击,某种潜识被外物唤醒,潜能则通过意辞互摄,个性化情境化的语言活动做成文章:这样外部文化诸因素便自然转化为作品个性化的内涵了。

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