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古文·古文之学·文章学
2017-08-21 05:16:27 中国青年网
近年来,研究文章学的学者有一种看法,认为古代文章学成立于南宋古文之学兴起之时,并由此引出诸多借古文之学说文章之学的论述。于是古文、古文之学成了文章学研究的关键词,受到论者、读者的重视。
古文是一个文类概念。曾国藩说:“古文者,韩退之氏厌弃魏、晋、六朝骈俪之文,而返之于六经、两汉,从而名焉者也。”(曾国藩《复许孝廉振祎书》)韩愈尝谓“愈之为古文,岂独取其句读不类于今者耶?思古人而不得见,学古道则欲兼通其辞;通其辞者,本志乎古道者也”(韩愈《题欧阳生哀辞后》)。正是为了挽救中唐儒学不振的思想危机和抵制、改变骈文写作内竭外侈文风流行的现状,韩愈打着道、文兼取的复古旗号,倡导一种以三代两汉儒家散文艺术精神、艺术风格、句读形式为依归的散体文类,是谓古文。韩愈倡导古文,除要求古文自具首尾、单篇独立、行文一气贯注、以奇句散行为主外,特别重视两点:一是对古文以儒道为理论基础的艺术精神的强调,凸显古文这一文类特有的思想价值取向。二是对古文所用“专体”(文体分类中的基层文体)有选择性,不作诏令、奏议之类的朝廷文字,致力于东汉以来社会流行之书牍、碑志,以及自创之赠序、杂记、杂说等文体的写作,而且广泛吸纳诗、赋乃至骈文创作的成功经验,以增强古文的文学性和艺术美。可以说,古文作品是一种自具首尾,篇幅有限,遣词造句以奇句散行为主,行文一气贯注,重在明道、纪事,而以具有本于儒学的艺术精神为必备条件的单篇散文。由于艺术精神和章法、句法、字法以及用语的特殊要求,古文虽属于散文,但并非所有的散文都可称为古文。古文创作中最活跃的文学要素是理、气、辞、法、情,其美感特质亦因此而生。古文之美,即美在识度、事义、情愫、意境、气势、风神、声调、色泽、构思,自然也美在篇法、章法、字法。像劈空作论,一鼓作气,纡徐曲折,感叹淋漓,信笔挥洒,自占地步,颊上添毫,转折顿挫,回环往复,俯仰揖让,抑遏蔽掩,吞吐抑扬,自为其行文之妙。而像庄重典雅,和易柔软,缜密严谨,含蓄蕴藉,明快流畅,猖狂恣肆,雄深雅健,清峻通脱,奇崛峭厉,飘逸潇洒,悲壮激越,廉悍犀利,凄怆婉雅,朴拙老健,诙诡奇特,自然平易,则为其艺术风貌之美。
前人所讲古文,有时也并不专指韩愈所倡导的古文,实为“古之文”“古人之文”“古代散文”“古代文章”之简称,泛指言说者所处时代以前出现的散文作品(甚至有人将古代诗、赋、骈文称为古文)。古文之学所指的古文,显然是指中唐以降韩愈倡导、后人赓续而作的古文。
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