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“中古文章学”发微

2017-08-21 05:16:27   中国青年网

心为主体虽同,但文章风格各异,故以《体性》置《神思》后加以阐发,其最重要的理论创获是对庄子“成心”概念的改造。彦和所谓“成心”,是指区别于人人皆有的“心”体(共相),而因人以异的性情化的性心(异相),它由各人先天的禀赋“才”(智质)、“气”(气质)与后天的“学”(文化传承)、“习”(时风熏陶)结合而成;文章虽风格有别(八体),而究其实,无非是“各师成心(性),其异如面”。这就将普遍性的“神思”,提升至个性化创作的境地,是对传统的“言为心声”说的重大发展。《序志》以“摛神性”来提挈二篇关系,其中实包含了彦和新论的两个最重要的理论支点:个性化与对语言形式的重视。

八体有殊,然其通则是“会通合数,得其环中”,以下《风骨》篇即论此义。“结言端直,则文骨成焉;意气骏爽,则文风清焉”,“练于骨者,析辞必精;深乎风者,述情必显。捶字坚而难移,结响凝而不滞,此风骨之力也”,可见风骨固以“务盈守气”为本,然而气又必待端直准确的言语方能得到骏爽的抒发。“风清”与“骨峻”上承“意”与“辞”关系而深化之,同样是虚实互摄的一个问题之两个方面。

风格之体又必须附丽于一定的文体方能呈现,故复次之以《通变》《定势》,将风格之体关合于文体之体,从而由创作主体的维度,打通了创作思维(目)与文体流变(纲)的关系。“设文之体有常,变文之数无方”,因此能文者虽或“总群势,通奇正”,“随时而适用”,但“镕范所拟,各有司匠,虽无严郛,难得逾越”,所以作者的每一次创作,一方面是“因情立体,即体成势”,另一方面则在“循体以成势”的同时“凭情以会通,负气以适变”,即主于成心的即时作用“随变而立功”。故《定势》赞以“因利骋节,情采自凝”来概括之;而《序志》在“摛神性”后,继云“图风势,苞会通”,更提挈了以上各篇关系。

特定的“情采”自凝于某一文体,即生成具体文章(今称文本),以下《情采》《熔裁》即承上申论这一“括情理,矫揉文采”的过程,而其“蹊要所司,职在熔裁”。“规范本体谓之熔,剪裁浮词谓之裁。”此本体,注家多谓指思想内容,然上文云“情理设位,文采行乎其中。刚柔以立本,变通以趋时。立本有体,意或偏长。趋时无方,辞或繁杂”,可知本指情理(情之理路),体指文体。虽云“因情立体”,但本与体未必丝丝入扣,故须“变通以趋时”,通于传统而变于当时,且由成心之妙用“熔”情入“范”(文体),按部就班,是为“情理设位”。这一过程同样是通过“文采行于其中”并加以剪裁呈现的。由此彦和将传统的“言志”说,提升为“情经辞纬”说,去纬无以言经,故在反对“为文造情”的同时,充分强调“文采所以饰言”而“辩丽本于情性”,可见文本之情理与辞彩的关系是意辞互摄的创作活动的最终体现。

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