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“中古文章学”发微

2017-08-21 05:16:27   中国青年网

以上无论是“语言形式批评”“发生认识论”,都用了“暗合”一词,这是说研读《文心雕龙》可以二者为参照,而彦和以上新论的切实的学理背景是对传统学术的“通变”。兼为儒家五经、道家三玄之首的《易》学,是汉魏以降的显学,而王弼注《易》,更开启了《易》学由重象数向重义理的转化。笔者认为以《系辞传》为代表的易学的思辨形态可以用这样一组范畴来概括:中(道)——时——势——经权与通变。人对于不可言喻的中道的把握,其实是因时审势而得其度,从而执经用权,通于古而变于今,是为通变。《文心雕龙》通贯全书的“望今制奇”而“参古定法”红线,无疑是《易传》思维形态的文学表现。

与此相应,魏晋以降,何晏崇本举末说代替“崇本黜末”说成为本体论的主流认识,而郭象驭物得中合度而不过当即为顺物之天性说,葛洪学习有以砥砺人的天性说等等,则又对《易传》人可参与天地造化及道与术数之关系的思想作出了重大发挥,从而在以上思维形态的基础上形成了一种新的自然观:万物分殊理一,所谓顺应自然,并非绝圣去知,而是各具成心的具体的人的心之理与具体的物之理的密合无际。《神思》篇以“积学以储宝,酌理以富才,研阅以穷照,驯致以绎辞”冠于心匠意辞互摄的创作语言活动之前,正是以上时代性儒道互补的新思维的反映。而当时各文化部类的细分化研究,尤其是文字学、音韵学、文体学的长足发展,更为以上新自然观率先在文学领域催生《文心雕龙》这样划时代的理论著作作出了铺垫。

至此可悟,被视为全书总纲的《原道》《征圣》《宗经》三篇,并不能说明彦和一禀儒家立场。细读文本,三篇并非对儒家教义的阐发,而只是视六经为二十二类文体之渊源,并标示一种雅丽的语言传统,作为“望今制奇”而“参古定法”之典范,三篇下接《正纬》《辨骚》为文章枢纽,正可见以上理路。

(作者:赵昌平 系上海古籍出版社原总编辑)

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