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略谈古代文章评点

2017-08-21 05:16:27   中国青年网

古代文章(这里主要指散文、骈文、小品文及八股文)评点是中国古代文学批评的一种重要形式和重要组成部分,具有鲜明的民族特色,是中国古人留给我们的一笔宝贵的文化遗产。与文话相比,文章评点的理论价值丝毫不会逊色。这主要是因为文章评点往往十分细致、深入,其评点的范围,大到文章的宗旨、结构,小到一字一句的安排,剖毫析芒,无所不至。可以说,它在文本的分析上,比文话更加细腻,更具有说服力,具有文话无法替代的文献价值和理论价值。然而,直到今天它都没有受到应有的、充分的重视。这恐怕多少与传统的偏见有关。

宋代以降,尤其是在明清时期,一些治经史之学的正统文人,往往十分轻视文章评点,甚至对它进行严厉批评。这种偏见的影响十分深远,可以说直到今天都还没有完全消除,所以现在依然还有很多人认为,古代文章评点的主观随意性很大,缺乏科学性、严谨性、体系性等等,不一而足。

然而尽管如此,古代文章评点的独特价值,是怎么也抹杀不掉的。我们今天要开发和研究它,首先必须消除对它的偏见,并充分承认它的独特价值与魅力。事实上,真正有生命力的东西,往往是无法扼杀的。尽管遭到很多人的抨击和轻视,但是文章评点自宋代以后就一直十分兴盛,流传十分广泛,深为广大读者所喜闻乐见,甚至传播到日本、韩国等。尤其是日本,不仅刊刻了许多中国文章评点之作,而且日本人自己也从事中国古文的评点,产生了一些著名的评点家,如赖山阳、竹添光鸿等。

文章评点之所以能广泛流行,一是由于它形式灵便活泼,文字要言不烦,见解新颖独到,确实能够给人以启发;二是由于它能指导写作,有助于广大读书人提高写作水平,有助于他们在科举考试中写出合格甚至优秀的作品,具有很强的实用功能。所以尽管它遭到一些卫道者的鄙视和抨击,但还是有很多有识之士敢于冲破传统偏见的桎梏,对文章评点的价值进行了充分的肯定。我们今天要彰显中国文学理论和文学批评的本土特色,并在国际舞台上发出自己的声音,很有必要深入地研究古代文章评点,并充分吸收它的长处及其蕴含的智慧。

古代文章评点文献的数量相当庞大,由于目前学界还没有对它进行系统、全面的调查,所以它到底有多少,大家都还是一片茫然。清人王鸣盛说:“凡读书最切要者,目录之学。目录明,方可读书;不明,终是乱读。”(《十七史商榷》卷七)因此可以说,我们要开发古代文章评点,首要的任务就是深入开展文献调查,编制出一个尽量完备的古代文章评点文献目录。

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