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略谈古代文章评点
2017-08-21 05:16:27 中国青年网
我们在系统调查古代文章评点文献的过程中,至少要注意以下几个问题:
首先,古代文章评点的存在方式是多样的,以往我们一般认为评点主要存在于选本之中,但实际上在很多别集之中也有评点。明清时期,形成了一种比较普遍的文学批评风气,即很多作家在每写出一篇作品之后,往往会把它寄送给自己的师长、朋友和弟子阅读,而他们的师友、弟子们阅读之后,往往会有一番评论,其形式很像今天的微信点赞或微信评论。后来很多作家在刊刻自己的文集时,就会把这些评论也附在每篇作品之后。这样一来,就使明清时期的很多别集之中也有评点。比如,在康熙年间所刻《醉白堂文集》中,有巩维城、张贲、董以宁、王士祯、龚百药等人的评点;在孙学颜所编的《吕晚村先生古文》之中,有旁批,有圈点,不少作品之后还有尾评。类似的例子,可以说举不胜举。此类评点蕴藏着大量的文学批评史信息,不容忽视。
其次,在明清时期,有些文献(如王又朴的《史记七篇读法》、张秉直的《文谈》等)兼有文话和评点的性质,也就是说,它们既有文话的成分,也有评点的成分。对于此类文献,我们不能只重视其文话部分,而忽视或遗弃书中同样很有价值的评点。
最后,古代文章评点涉及的对象包括经、史、子、集四部之中的文献,所以我们的视野应尽量放宽一点,不能仅仅局限在某一个文献类型之中。假如我们只注重散文或骈文评点,而不去了解八股文评点,或者我们只注重集部评点,对历代关于《左传》《国语》《战国策》《庄子》《孟子》《韩非子》《礼记·檀弓》《史记》《汉书》《后汉书》等经、史、子部的评点视而不见,那么,我们肯定不能从总体上把握整个古代文章评点的脉络和格局。
总之,只有进行全面而彻底的考察,编制出一个尽量完备和详细的古代文章评点文献目录,我们才能比较清晰地展示中国古代文章评点的脉络和总体面貌,也才能谈得上系统的整理和研究,否则只能是盲人摸象。由于古代文章评点保存非常分散,所以我们在调查和统计时,不能光凭几部有限的书目和一些网上检索系统,而必须亲赴各地大大小小的藏书机构,进行实地查访和细致阅读。毫无疑问,这个任务是十分艰巨的,决非少数几个人或少数几个团队在短期内就能完成得了的。它需要学界同人齐心协力,长期努力,才能最终完成。
(作者:余祖坤 系华中师范大学文学院副教授)
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