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社会工作参与社会救助的模式建构

2017-08-17 13:11:28   中国青年网

与整合模式相比,这个模式并不需要对街道办事处的社会救助经办机构或经办人员进行彻底改造。其关键表现为,要在由县级以上地方人民政府、街道办事处(社会救助经办机构或者经办人员)、居民委员会等构成的社会救助的行政管道和由社会工作服务机构(社会工作者)构成的社会救助的社会服务管道之间建立起必要的“机制和渠道”。这些机制和渠道主要包括:一是在县级以上地方人民政府和社会工作服务机构之间建立起“购买服务”的机制和渠道。关于这个机制和渠道,我国已经出台了若干相关政策,只要县级以上地方人民政府认真贯彻执行即可,难度不太大。二是在街道办事处(社会救助经办机构或者经办人员)和社会工作服务机构之间建立起“双向转介”机制和渠道。相比较前一个机制和渠道来讲,建立这个机制和渠道的难度较大。如果说社会工作服务机构(社会工作者)把前来求助的有经济保障需要的服务对象转介给街道办事处(社会救助经办机构或者经办人员)或居民委员会比较容易的话,那么如何在街道办事处(社会救助经办机构或者经办人员)和社会工作服务机构之间实现对有社会服务需要的社会救助对象的有效对接则比较困难。破解这个难题的做法似乎有二:一是由街道办事处(社会救助经办机构或者经办人员)告知社会救助申请人辖区内社会工作服务机构信息,再由社会救助申请人自行前往社会工作服务机构求助,社会工作服务机构(社会工作者)视情况提供社会服务。二是由街道办事处(社会救助经办机构或者经办人员)把社会救助申请人的名册(或疑似有社会服务需要的社会救助申请人的名册)转交给社会工作服务机构,再由社会工作服务机构的社会工作者继续跟进,并提供社会服务。

从逻辑上来讲,分离模式是在对整合模式的反思基础上发展出来的。因而,整合模式的缺点正是分离模式要克服和扬弃的。具体来讲,分离模式的优点表现为:第一,分离模式具有减少社会救助对象数量和因而减少公共支出数量的潜力。美国1967年《社会保障法》修正案之所以把经济援助与社会服务两种功能分离,最重要的目的之一就是想抑制社会救助对象数量和公共支出数量不断地增长。[20]其要求各州通过建立决定福利资格和提供社会服务的分离的前线机构(line agencies),重新组织其福利计划的行政,并用使“失依儿童家庭援助”付款误差最小化的目标取代了前10年的使社会救助对象康复的目标。[21]第二,分离模式解除了社会工作者在整合模式下既提供经济援助又提供社会服务的“救济的沉重负担”,[22]使经济援助人员和社会工作者分别专门从事一项工作,并能使社会工作者发展出清晰的(和通常更受尊重的)专业身份。[23]第三,由于分离模式把经济援助与社会服务分开,社会工作者不再对社会救助对象是否能够享受经济援助行使酌情权,从而避免了社会工作者强迫社会救助对象接受社会服务的风险,以及破坏二者之间专业关系的风险,[24]使社会救助对象接受社会服务成为他们自己的一个自主选择。[25]

分离模式的缺点主要表现在:第一,分离模式难于达成令社会救助对象摆脱社会救助,变为自食其力的目标。美国20世纪60年代后期及70年代把经济援助与社会服务分离的做法,被批评为可能从根本上破坏了及时就业的目标。收入维持和就业服务之间缺乏协调,可能会导致不能迅速地使社会救助对象参加工作,或者不能对那些不遵守工作参与要求的个人实施惩罚。[26]第二,在分离模式下,社会救助对象可能不会主动向社会工作服务机构求助,因而也就享受不到《暂行办法》和《意见》规定的社会服务,同时也堵塞了社会工作服务机构(社会工作者)参与社会救助的渠道。第三,在分离模式下,社会救助对象可能会被被动地转介给社会工作服务机构,由于不是出于他们自己的自由选择,因而,当社会工作者主动接触他们并为他们提供《暂行办法》和《意见》规定的社会服务时,的确要冒强迫社会救助对象接受社会服务以及破坏他们二者之间专业关系的风险。第四,在分离模式下,社会救助对象可能倾向于减少对社会服务的要求,并且把社会工作者看作是不太有帮助的,[27]不利于社会工作服务机构(社会工作者)参与社会救助。

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