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社会工作参与社会救助的模式建构
2017-08-17 13:11:28 中国青年网
当然,整合模式也可能存在一些不足:第一,在整合模式中,追求公平正义的社会工作者有可能会批准那些不拥有法定权利的人享受社会救助待遇,[12]造成社会救助资源的滥用。第二,在整合模式中,社会工作者需要进行家访,了解社会救助对象的经济状况和社会服务需求,这可能会导致侵犯社会救助对象的隐私。[13]第三,在整合模式下,社会救助对象接受社会服务倾向于成为获得经济援助的一个条件。[14]由于社会工作者对经济援助拥有酌情控制权,他们有强迫社会救助对象接受社会服务的风险,而且还会破坏社会工作的专业助人关系。[15]第四,除非假定确认社会救助申请人资格的决定要求具有与从事治疗性社会服务一样程度的专业特长,那么把经济援助与社会服务两种功能在同一个岗位上结合起来就是对稀缺的专业人员时间的浪费。[16]第五,在整合模式中,倘若“社会工作者”不是符合资格要求的社会工作者,那么他们将不知道寻找什么,或如何面对他们所观察到的社会救助对象身上的问题,[17]并不能达成使社会救助对象摆脱依赖、实现自立的目的。
(二)分离模式
社会工作参与社会救助可选择的第二个模式是分离模式(separation of delivery of services)。所谓分离模式,是指在社会救助过程中,把经济援助和社会服务两种功能用分离的管道、由分离的工作人员,但配合必要的沟通,来组织这种运作。[18]或者从社会救助对象接受服务的角度来说,是指社会救助对象在接受服务过程中,分别与两个分离的工作人员互动:一个是处理福利资格和报酬议题的工作人员,另一个是处理就业与训练的工作人员。[19]可见,这两则定义对分离模式描述的角度也有所不同,但他们亦一致认为经济援助和社会服务两种功能是通过两种管道或两部分工作人员实现的。
我们所建构的社会工作参与社会救助的分离模式,即是这样一种把经济援助与社会服务两种功能分别放在某两个(或多个)机构、经过必要的沟通(转介),由这两个(或多个)机构的工作人员分别运作的模式(见图2:分离模式)。具体来讲,在这个模式中,由县级以上
地方人民政府、街道办事处(社会救助经办机构或者经办人员)、居民委员会等构成的体系属于社会救助的行政管道,由社会工作服务机构(社会工作者)构成的体系属于社会救助的社会服务管道。其中,分离的焦点集中在街道办事处(社会救助经办机构或者经办人员)和社会工作服务机构(社会工作者)之间的分离。街道办事处(社会救助经办机构或者经办人员)根据《暂行办法》和《意见》的要求,主要履行如下职责:(1)通过统一受理社会救助申请的窗口,及时受理、转办申请事项;(2)对申请人的家庭收入状况、财产状况进行调查核实,提出初审意见,在申请人所在社区公示后报县级人民政府民政部门审批;(3)对获得最低生活保障家庭的人口状况、收入状况、财产状况定期核查。社会工作服务机构(社会工作者)依据《暂行办法》和《意见》的要求,面向社会救助对象主要发挥社会融入、能力提升、心理疏导、资源链接和宣传倡导等社会服务功能。
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